Infancy part 1

Question 1

How long does infancy last for?

Answer 1

Infancy is considered to last from when the individual is first born to when they are two years old

Question 2

What is a cephalocauldal pattern?

Answer 2

cephalocauldal
cep like seperate halo like angle halo –» heaven top and cauldal like cauldren associated with witches associated with the devil bottom according to the bible the top half (heaven) was created before hell (god had to create the angels before satan could fall) simmilarily a xephalocauldal pattern of growth envolves the top being created before the bottom - a cephalocauldal growth pattern is one where growth starts at the top and then works its way down to the bottom. Infants heads follow cephalocauldal growth patterns - they have their brains and eyes grow more quickly then their jaw and so does most of their sensory and motor nervous system - ie they can see before they can move their torso and they can control the movement in their hands before they can control the movement in their feet. The fact that the head makes up a large ammount of the individuals height from the prenatal period to early infancy further demonstrates the tendancy for growth to begin at the top and work its way down (cephalocauldal pattern of growth)

Question 3

Describe the growth that occurs during infancy?

Answer 3

At 5 months (5 like 50%, bc this is the ammount their weight will have doubtled by) the infant will have their weight doubled causing them to weigh around 7 kilograms.
123, after they reach 1 there measurements will be x 2 and x3, Once they reach 1 year their height will have doubled and their wight will have tripled
in order 2 prevent them from weighing 2 much the infants weight gain slows once they reach 2 years (after which they are no longer an infant)
simmilar to how it is with adults: female infants will generally be shorter then male infants and weigh less then them

Question 4

What is the proximodal pattern of development?

Answer 4

proximodistal pro (if you are the pro everything starts with you, you are the center from which all branches of your skill shoot off of) then as you move away from the pro there is a stall in knowledge and abilities is it takes longer for all not at that level to learn (as learn from watching the source the pro) and do not have the same insights as the pro - so skills start at the center and are eventually distalled out - the same thing happens with growth in the proximodistal pattern
With the proximodistal pattern of growth, growth starts at the center and then moves away to the extremities (end limbs), muscule growth follows the proximodistal pattern of development (we first form muscles in our trunk and then they are formed in our arms and legs and then eventually our hands and feet and finally our fingers and toes). Our control of our limbs also follows this ie - we are able to move our arms before we can move our hands

Question 5

What is the order of infant motor control

Answer 5

appears to generally follow the cephalocauldal pattern of development (where growth starts at the top and works its way down)
with the exception of legs holding weight occuring before they can sit up
prone (meaning lying on stomach) can raise their
prone (meaning lying on stomach) can raise their chest while using their arms to push off
can roll over
legs can hold some weight
can sit up
can stand with help
can pull themselves up to standing alone
can wlak while holding onto a stable object/or person staying still for support
can stand without needing to hold onto something else to stay upright
can walk well
can walk up steps

Question 6

What is the principle of hierarchial integration?

Answer 6

heirarchy levels of something
integration like adding things together
heirchail integraton explains that certain basic abilities are developed seperately (think of these basic abilities like the base level) and then can be integrated (combined) together to produce a more complex ability
makes sense you need the base level of the simple skills before you can get to the next level of sequences of multiple of the simple skills paired together

Question 7

What is the principle of independent systems?

Answer 7

independent like seperate means that systems develop seperately- means that just because one system is growing it does not mean another is/growth does not happen in synchrony
the nervous system, sexual characteristic growth and body growth do nnot occur in synchrony- they occur as seperate events

Question 8

What might impact when a baby acquires the ability to walk

Answer 8

their weight it will take a heavier baby longer to learn how to stand and support itself (bc more force pulling it down due to its weight/more development of muscles is needed in its limbs inorder for them to support its weight)

Question 9

What does the central nervous system include

Answer 9

The brain and the spinal cord

Question 10

What does the peripheral nervous system include

Answer 10

Everything except the brain and the spinal cord

Question 11

What do dendrites do

Answer 11

dendrite - d like deliver dendrites deliver impulses to the cell body

Question 12

what do axons do

Answer 12

axon - a like away axons take impulses away from the cell body

Question 13

Describe the path of a neurotransmitter

Answer 13

Is stored in the axon terminal of the pre synaptic neuron- moves down the axon of the pre synaptic neuron and crosses the synapse (the space between the presynaptic neurons axon and the post synaptic neurons dendrite) to the post synaptic neuron
presynaptic neuron - name makes sense it is the neuron before the synapse (the space between two neurons) and the post synaptic neuron is the neuron after the synapse

Question 14

How does the weight of the brain change

Answer 14

like the opposite course of my body weight - I was large until I was 2 popsical body went from 75% to 25%ile (I did not want to stop drinking milk and did not want to eat food) at 2 opp with brain weigtht
when the infant is 1 their brain is at 25% of its total weight when they are 1 and 75% of its total weight when they are 2

Question 15

What is myelination and describe when myelination of the visual pathway and the audio pathway is complete and when the frontal lobe undergoes the most myelination

Answer 15

Myelin is the fatty layer that helps electrical impulses travel more quickly down neurons
myelination of the visual pathway is done by the time an individual is 6, whereas myelination of the auditory patheway completes when the individual is 4 or 5
in adolescence my front chest was supposed to grow more fat specifically on my chest (breast development) simmilarily in adolescence more fat around the axons in the frontal lobes accumulates at its quikest - (the frontal lobe undergoes the most myelination during adolescence)

Question 16

Describe the process of neuron development that occurs after birth

Answer 16

At birth we have 100 billion neurons - 100 billion is such a big number I have few things that I can connect it to just like how our 100 billion neurons that we have at birth have few connections.
Blooming - blooming like when a flower spreads open the same thing happens with neurons their dendrites spread away from them in order to connect with other axons to form synapses. From the 2 year period in between birth and turning 2 billions of connections between neurons are being formed. If a neuron does not connect with other neurons or does not have neurotransmitters sent to it often it will die off - this process is called pruning. This makes sense pruning with plants involve getting rid of parts that are deadweights so smal occurs with neurons.

Question 17

What happens in the frontal lobe during the first year of life?

Answer 17

Although the frontal lobe gets the most myelination - my front would grow the most during adolescence it would still gain some fat during the first year of life and grow some as proprotions become less head prominant- so although the most ylenation (coating of the axons of the neurons in their neural pathways with fat) of the frontal lobe occurs in adolsecne some myelination of the frontal lobe stilll occurs during the first year of life. The myelination that occurs during the first year of life will allow the infant to better control bodily functions like sleep and reflexes.

Question 18

When does the ability to grab objects, the ability for depth perception and the infants first word usually emerge or occur?

Answer 18

to grab objects allows you to do from me 2 you (might be a cute month aniversery note)- the ability to grab objects occurs at 2 months, u don’t have the emotional depth 4 this is what they might say in double time when the relationship ends - at 4 months infants gain depth perception and at around 12 months infants on average say their first word

Question 19

What occurs with neurons by the time the individual has reached the end of the infancy period

Answer 19

Once the individual turns 2 (the infancy period is from 0-2) they will have had billions of connections be formed between neurons and will have their neurons go to specific part of their brain dependeing on their use (the neurons are arranged in the brain according to purpose)
ex cerebral cortex in the upper layer of the brain (c is higher then s the other option is subcortical layers just like how c is above s and in the upper portion of the alphabet the cerebral coretex is in the upper layers of the brain), upper heirachial - people are seen as higher up in the human hierarchy if they are capable of thinking and reasoning (unfortunately) the cerebral coretex is asociated with hihger level functions like thinking and reasoning
subcortical areas - involved in the aspects of humans that are not seen as making humans superior to other beings (just involved in ensuring that our necesscary processes for life continue ie breathing and heart beat) associated with controlling breathing and heart rate, the subcortical areas are nearly all the way developed after birth makes sense need to be able to carry out basic life processes right after birth but do not yet need to carry out processes like thought and reasoning

Question 20

What is shaken infant syndrome?

Answer 20

Shaken infant syndrome is when a caregiver shakes an infant causing its brain to turn around in its skull and destroys blood vessels which subsequently ruins neural connections
this demonstrates how although the brain is protected by the skull it is still very vulnerable
the consequences of shaken infant syndrome can include learning disabilities, physical disabilities and even death

Question 21

What is plasticity

Answer 21

plastic often recycled into different forms and therefore varies depending on the form based on the stage of its life span it is inm, in the level of force it needs to experience in order to change its form/shape - plasticity simmilarily refers to the degree to which a behavior or structure can be changed by experience at a given time in someones life

Question 22

What is the sensitive period

Answer 22

A period in which a certain aspect of an individual is very sensitive to environmental influences due to the fact that, that aspect is developing and therefore the environmental influences that it is subjected to will impact how it is defined - this occurs very early in life
An example of how environment can have significant impacts on an individual during a sensitive period is that the size and wieghts of brains of infants can vary depending on how enriching their environments are, (this makes logical sense as an environment that is more enriching will offer them more opportunities for stimulation to occur which will cause more neurons to form connections- would this make it so less neurons are pruned bc more neurons are active causing for their to be a greater overall brain size and brain weight).

Question 23

Describe infant sleep patterns

Answer 23

Infants tend to be asleep for 16-17, if being awake is working then they do the standard work day - clock into bieng awake shift spend 8 or 7 hours depending on (as the standard day is 8 hours but some people do not get paid for breaks) of the 24 hours
by the time they reach 1 year of age they tend to have the longest consecutive period where they are asleep be at night and the longest consecutive period where they are awake be during the day (this is likely associated with the increase of myelination in the frontal lobe giving them more control of physiological processes like sleeping and reflexes)
At 1 year they will sleep on average 15 hours with the low extreme being 10 hours and the high extreme being 21 hours
Infants also often wake up every 2 hours bc they are hungry
infants two options is sleeping or eating so rotate between these every x (ammount of options they have hours) every 2 hours
20-30 likely in school as a student you are goign to struggle to stay aslepp and fall asleep- 20-30% just like how 20-30% of infants have this same problem, 20-30% of infants struggle to fall asleep and stay asleep for the whole night

Question 24

What can make an infant more likely to have thier sleep broken into shorter periods

Answer 24

Regularily spending time where they are taken care of by someone other then their parents (childcare attendance), watching televison and being born from a mother that was depressed while she was pregnant

Question 25

What are infant patterns with REM

Answer 25

REM losing my religion - probably have peak faith when your little lose as you age just like infants with their REM sleep for infants half of their sleep is REM (like religion noah tried to get representation of each 1/2 of the world - each gender of being) sleep whereas 1/5th 5 asssociated with half - 50% but not here is just 5, so the thing that infants spend 1/2 of their sleep cycle on adults only spend 1/5 of their sleep cycle on (REM sleep) once individuals reach 3 years of age their time spent in REM decreases to be 40% of their total sleep rather then half

Question 26

Why are infants thought to spend so much time in REM sleep

Answer 26

REM sleep is when lots of brain activity occur - since infants spend so much of their time asleep having them spend so much time in REM might ensure that they still are stimulated (allowing for neural connections to be formed as it is vital that certain neural connections are formed or else they will not be able to be later - is this bc the neurons for them get prunned away and are not subsequently replaced?) while they are asleep.

Question 27

Do infants dream?

Answer 27

We do not know - we know when adults are dreaming bc we can hook them up to eegs and measure their brain waves (specific brain waves are associated with dreaming) it is not until 3-4 months that infants have brain waves that look simmilar to thoose of adults while they dream (do they think that infants dream before this but that it could be expressed differently?)

Question 28

What is the main cause of death during the neonatal period?

Answer 28

genetic malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities

Question 29

What is the most common cause of death from the period of one month old to one year old

Answer 29

Sudden infant death syndrome sudden infant death syndrome is considered to have occured when no other cause of infant death is apparent. Sudden infant death syndrome involves an infant stopping breathing - with no apparent cause as to why- this primarily occurs at night during sleep Factors that increase the risk of sudden infant death the infants mother drinking alcohol or taking drugs during pregnancy. The mother taking drugs or smoking during preganancy can negatively impact the medulla (med- like medically necesscary - regulates functions medically necesscary for survival such as temperature control, breathing and heart rate) - since the medualla is associated with breathing it makes sense that issues with it would increase the risk of sudden infant death syndrome not being breast fed sleeping on their stomach or side instead of their back (makes sense maybe more likely to have their breath blocked by what they are sleeping on and they may not have the motor abilities/reflexes to roll into a position where there airway is not blocked) and infants sleeping on materials like super soft coaches that are easy for them to sink into

Question 30

Describe the dynamic systems theory

Answer 30

Dynamic like always changing - just like the environment is always changing, and dynamic like a given set up - dynamic systems theory involves the infant observing the dynamic (ever changing environment0 and trying to change the dynamic (their relation to it) to where they can interact with it and ultimately contribute more to its dynamic nature Dynamic systems theory holds that infants percieve something they want in their environment and then will watch their environemnt to try to determine the best way to get what they want and will attempt it, this results in the development of motor skills. dynamic system theory depends on three things 1. what the infant wants 2. the character of the infant and the environment itself 3. What in the specific environment might restrict the infant dynamic bc motor skills development depends on the dynamic in the environment (the infants relationship to everything in the environment) and the dynamic ever changing feature that is the environment

Question 31

How do infants proportions impact their movement?

Answer 31

Infants proportions make it hard for them to move: they have big heads, lots of fat and short limbs

Question 32

What are the purpose of reflex and what are some reflexes they have?

Answer 32

Reflexes are instant, uncontrollable and not learned responses to specific stimuli infants have the instinct to hold their breath and contract their thraot to keep water out rooting reflex - like trying to find the root of the stimuli bc this is what this involves, occurs when the infants cheek is touched and they turn their face so their mouth is facing the stimuli (hope it is a breast that they can feed from) dissappears around 3 weeks sucking reflex refers to infants tendancy to suck on objects they encounter - is good for survival ensures that they maximize the ammount of times they get fed bc will ensure they will be sucking on a breast at every opportunity they get moral instinct - infant the moral support reflex refers to when they reach out to thoose around them when they feel likel they are falling, moral support instinct refers to infants putting their arms out when whatever is supporting their head and neck disappear suddenly. Moral reflexes tend to dissappear at the number of months associated with immorality grasping reflex refers to how if something is putting in an infants palm they will grasp it

Question 33

Why might reflexes dissappear

Answer 33

Evolutionary reaserchers purpose that instant responses to certain stimuli are no longer needed once the infant can intentionally control their body e wont need to instantly turn head to face mouth towards a potential breast once they can better control their muscles as they can now do more to orient themsleves to better reach food? and moral reflex they now can control the support their head gets so lack of external head support no longer associated with falling

Question 34

What is gross motor abilities

Answer 34

Gross like big - refers to motor abilities that use muyscles that are physically large ie posture and walking - bc muscles in legs that must be moved for walking are physically large - same with the muscles in the back for posture

Question 35

What are dynamic processes?

Answer 35

Dynamic like how things relate to each other - suggests that more then one thing is required, this is what dynamic processes refer to - processes where more then one aspect of our senses and muscles are needed ie posture , need to be able to balance for that we need to be able to keep our vision steady on something (sensory info from eyes) and we also need to have our vestibular system in our ears correct (objects in our ears that move in accordance with our heads movement and therefore give our brain info about how our heads position is moving)

Question 36

List the average ages that lots of motor skills are developed

Answer 36

the ability to keep their head stable in position and lift it when they want to usually comes at a few weeks the ability to sit on someones lap or a seat comes at 2 months the ability to move themselves to a sitting position alone occurs at 6-7 months the ability to stand without holding onto something else occurs at 10-12 months the ability to crawl occurs from 8-10 months the ability to walk while holding onto something else usually comes around 9 months - 50% of infants can walk by the time they are one years old the age in which walking occurs can depend on environment and culture how much the family might encourage or restrict the infant from attempting to walk and how that might correlate to what the broader society around them advises motor abilities of children tend to be pretty similar around the age of 6

Question 37

Describe the sticky mitten experiment

Answer 37

had a control group where the infants recieved no treatment manipulated group infants were given globes that had velcro attached to them and then there were objects around them which had velcro attached so they could put their hands on the objects they wanted and this would allow them to bring the objects that they wanted towards themselves (if they did not have the mittens on they would not be able to do this as they would not yet be able to grasp the objects yet) found that infants from the manipulated group got the ability to grasp objects sooner then the ones who from the control group. Additionally this made the infants more likely to try to interact with the objects their environment by trying to suck on them, looking at them or batting at them- maybe this taught them that they could impact the objects that they were interested in and made them more likely to try to do so with other objects

Question 38

How does infants attempts relationship between their movement and sensation appear to change based on how they grasp objects

Answer 38

When the perception of sensory information and creation of motor movements must be combined to carry out a specific action it is called perceptual coupling. When infants are 4 months old they will just mostly move their hand in a grip position around a lot until eventually the object is in it, when they are 8 months old they will look at the object mostly instead of just blindly reaching around once they are 11 months old they appear to be good at sorting out the relationship between focusing on the object they want and doing the motions necesscary to grasp it as they can lift objects as small as marbles off of the ground. At the end of infancy (once the individual is two) they can lift a cup of liquid to their mouth and drink without spilling it.

Question 39

What are the different types of grasps

Answer 39

Palmer - like use palm to grab things use your whole hand to grab things pincher- grasp things as a crab would only using two of your extremities (grab things using only two of your fingers)

Question 40

What is the brazel test?

Answer 40

compares infants performance with others of their age to determine what the average is and where they stand in relation to it takes 30 minutes to complete has 27 categories that aim to reflect 4 different overarching features of infant behavior 1. interactions with others 2. motor skills 3. control over bodily responses (physiological control) 4. responses to stress interactions with others is examined by having someone interact with the infant and measuring how focused and responsive the infant is to that person phsyicological control measures how able the infant is to calm themselves down (does this refer to their ability to stop crying/regulate their breathing?)

Question 41

How many calories are infants required to eat how is it ensured that they meet this ammount

Answer 41

Infants are required to eat 100 calories for every kg of body weight (adults need half of that) infants if not interfered with in that they are forced to be fed more or stopped from feeding will naturally consume the correct ammount of calories

Question 42

What were the trends with breast feeding from 1930-1970

Answer 42

Cow milk was considered better then breast milk - lots of infants only drank from their mothers for a few weeks or only drank cows milk

Question 43

What are the impacts of not getting enough nutrients as infants

Answer 43

Can slow their growth and create cognitive impairments infants who do not get enough nutrients tend to grow a lot slower then infants who do once they are 6 months and individuals who did not recieve enough nutrients during infancy at 2 years of age tended to be 5% shorter and lighter then individuals who did

Question 44

What is marasmus

Answer 44

mara like mara's way and mus missed if always missed what mara's way served (food) as an infant would have marasmus. Marasmus is when an infant does not get enough protein and calories leading to the body to get thinner and weaker until they eventually die.

Question 45

What is kwashiorkor

Answer 45

Kwashiorkor like wash not enough protein to wash away extra water so water is retained in the body causing the infants face, limbs and stomach to appear chubby (as they are full of water) but in reality they are not they are just full of water

Question 46

What is nonorganic failure to thrive

Answer 46

orgnaic material is what composes us so nonorganic failure to thrive is when infants are underdevleoped and act as if they are nutrient deprived (are listless, apathetic and do not respond to stimuli) but not bc they are not getting enough of the organic material needed to create them but rather bc they are not getting enough attention and stimulation (like a lack of growth due to not enough emotional nourishment) this can be reversed if the parents change and give their child enough attention or stimulation or if the child is placed in a new family.