A&P > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Define anatomy

A

study of structure

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2
Q

What is physiology

A

study of function

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3
Q

Explain the levels of organization

A

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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4
Q

What is homeostasis

A

maintaining a constant internal environment

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5
Q

Extracellular fluid consists of: ___ ___, ____ ___

A

interstitial fluid, blood plasma

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6
Q

define the homeostatic mechanisms

A

receptors= cells that detect change
Control center= change is compared to the set point
Effector=cause the body to do something (muscles or glands)

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7
Q

Are the stimulus and response part of the homeostatic mechanism?

A

No.
stimulus is when a change occurs in the environment
response is when change is corrected

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8
Q

describe and give an example of negative feedback

A

mechanism reverses the trend (goes against initial stimulus; this happens everyday in the body. An example of this would be with body temperature.

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9
Q

Give and describe an example of positive feedback

A

reinforces the stimulus; has a definant beginning and end; childbirth

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10
Q

what does the appendicular portion consist of

A

appendages; arms/legs

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11
Q

axial portion is:

A

central portion; head/trunk

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12
Q

dorsal cavity is ___. contains the ___ __ and ___ ___

A

back. cranial cavity and vertebral canal (spinal cavity)

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13
Q

ventral is __. contains ___ ___, ___ __

A

front. thoracic cavity, abdominal pelvic cavity

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14
Q

Membranes of the ventral cavity:
parietal membranes: ___
visceral membranes: ___

A

parietal membranes: line body cavities
visceral membranes: cover organs within body cavities

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15
Q

membranes of ventral cavity:
pleural membranes: found what cavity?
peritoneal membranes: what cavity?

A

pleural membranes: thoracic
peritoneal: abdominopelvic cavity

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16
Q

What is standard anatomical position

A

standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at sides, palms forward

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17
Q

All cells have a what?

A

cell membrane

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18
Q

a cell membrane consists of

A

phospholipid bilayer, proteins(integral, peripheral), cholesterol,

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19
Q

a saturated fat contains

A

single bonds

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20
Q

an unsaturated fat contains

A

double bonds, and there are kinks in the bond

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21
Q

proteins are a chain of __ __

A

amino acids

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22
Q

what makes up a protein

A

amino group, carboxyl group, and R group

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23
Q

integral proteins are where:

A

integrated into cell membrane

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24
Q

peripheral proteins are found where:

A

on one of the surfaces of the cell (edges) (extracellular or intracellular)

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25
transmembrane proteins are a type of integral proteins that
go all the way across the membrane
26
receptor proteins receive a protein in some form of
chemical
27
enzyme proteins bind to some substrate and converts it to (may have some other effects on cell)
something else
28
cell surface proteins
allow you to self ID and tell cells that are yourself from non cells
29
channel proteins are
transmembrane proteins
30
cellular adhesion molecules allows cell to
bind to different places
31
cholesterol is a building block to
steroid hormones
32
what affects membrane fluidity
temperatures, types of bonds (saturated-tightness) (unsaturated-room to move)
33
Cholesterol
Is a relatively rigid molecule that adds stability to the cell membrane
34
differences in concentration establish a gradient | what is this
more things on one side of a cell than the other. can go with or against their gradient
35
membrane permeability: non polar substances-
gases, lipids. easily gets through membrane
36
membrane permeability: polar substances-
molecules are not shared equally. needs help to get through membrane. not fat soluble. (proteins, carbs, charged ions)
37
simple diffusion
movement of molecules with their concentration gradient
38
(simple diffusion) what does it mean when a steady state is reached
equal number moving right as there is left (no net movement)
39
what factors influence rate of diffusion (simple)
distance- larger distance doesn't diffuse as quickly temperature size of concentration gradient- steeper gradient moves faster temperature-higher temp molecules diffuse faster
40
facilitated diffusion needs a specialized
transport protein
41
facilitated diffusion is
polar molecules; helping molecules get across the membrane; movement with concentration gradient
42
channel proteins are:(facilitated diffusion)
gated; responds to some sort of ligand, voltage, or mechanical force. (no physical interaction between molecules moving with gradient as it passes through that channel)
43
carrier proteins: (facilitated diffusion)
physical interaction causes conformation shape change; potential that they become saturated if all carrier proteins are full.
44
osmosis is the
diffusion of water molecules (with gradient)
45
osmosis requires a
selectively permeable membrane (lets water through but not some other things)
46
water moves with its gradient. what does this mean
high(water)->low(water low(solute)->high(solute)
47
osmotic pressure is
the ability to lift volume of water towards it
48
in osmotic pressure more solutes mean
greater osmotic pressure
49
in a hypotonic solution there is
less solute, more water (the cell can explode)
50
in a hypertonic solution
more salt, (the cell shrivels up)
51
in a isotonic solution
there are similar concentration
52
filtration is (what is it?)
molecules forced through porous membranes; size of molecules is the most important. movement is not random
53
desmosomes
gaps between cells but they are still held together tightly
54
tight junctions
cells are held together very tightly until it gets to surface
55
gap junctions
allows for exchange of cytoplasm between cells
56
hemidesmosomes
holds cell to something noncellular
57
describe some general characteristics of epithelial tissues
tightly packed single(simple) or multiple (stratified) layer(s) of cells. cuboidal, squamous, or columnar. covers organ, line body cavities. reproduce rapidly. attached to basement membrane.
58
describe some general characteristics of connective tissue
fibroblasts (make protein fibers) (outside of cell) and macrophages (white blood cells), intercellular matrix fluid to solid (protein may be present). collagen-Thick flexible fibers elastic fibers
59
muscle tissue
protein filament in cytoplasm neural input not required for all capable of contraction
60
categories of tissues
connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
61
functions of the integumentary system
protection and immunity, exteroception (sensation), regulation of body temp, vitamin D production, excretion
62
describe characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium
lines cavities or organs, 1 layer cube shaped
63
describe characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium
multiple layers, flat. epidermis
64
describe characteristics of adipose tissue
contains fat droplets, stores fat, modified fibroblasts. hypodermis
65
describe characteristics of areolar(loose) connective tissue
extracellular matrix. consists of collagen, elastic, ground substance, fibroblast. Dermis
66
describe characteristics of irregular dense fibrous connective tissue
bunch of them, packed together. Dermis
67
describe characteristics of smooth muscle
erector pili muscle, incontrollable. gap junctions
68
key concepts of A&P
cells, internal environment, homeostasis, interdependency of cells, A&P are interdependent
69
what are the general characteristics of the cell membrane
maintains integrity of cell, selectively permeable, responsible for compartmentalization
70
what is a tissue
layer or groups of similar cells
71
list the three different types of intercellular junctions
tight, desmosomes(hemidesmosomes) gap junctions
72
The subcutaneous layer or hypodermis is not a layer of the skin. it is the tissues ___ the skin
beneath
73
the skin consists of __ and __
epidermis, dermis
74
what is the stratum basale (stem cells and melanocytes)
deepest layer of the epidermis. where cells are born
75
what is the stratum spinosum (dendritic cells and)
as cells get born they are pushed up to this layer. some start making keratin(keratinocytes)
76
what is stratum granulosum
as they get here things get bad. they are further away from blood and oxygen and diffusion doesn't occur well. cells are starting to shrivel up. start taking on color differently
77
what is the stratum lucidum
clear looking layer. in areas where you want more protection
78
what is the stratum corneum
membrane bound bag of keratin
79
melanocytes are found where
stratum basale
80
melanosomes make
melanin can be moved into other cells
81
skin color differences are found in
the amount of melanin produced
82
what are the two types of melanin produced
eumelanin (brown), pheomelanin (red)
83
what is the dermal papillae
bumps that go up to epidermis, fingerprints, increase surface area for more diffusion
84
what are the layers of the epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
85
papillary layer has higher levels of
areolar tissue
86
reticular layer has higher levels of
irregular dense fibrous tissue
87
the dermis contains
dermal papillae, papillary layer, reticular layer, muscle (skeletal and smooth, blood vessels, nerves, accessory organs,
88
the hypodermis is also the
subcutaneous layer
89
what is the struture of a folicle
combination of pigment and melanin, it is a tube-like depression, it consists of dead cells and keratin
90
the arrector pili muscle is
each hair in our body has this. this smooth muscle plays a protective role
91
Sebaceous glands use style of secretion __
holocrine glands; hair follicle
92
holocrine glands
whole cell is excreted, and the product is called sebum (oily mixture)
93
sudoriferous glands are
sweat glands (eccrine and appocrine
94
eccrine/merocrine glands
secrete the product without loss of cytoplasm. only secretes actual product
95
eccrine glands/merocrine glands are associated with
thermoregulation
96
apocrine glands ___
lose a portion of their product
97
apocrine sweat glands are associated with
hair and become active at puberty
98
heat production and loss. Physical methods
radiation, conduction, convention, evaporation
99
Phyiscal method of heat production. radiation
no physical contact, radiates out
100
physical method of heat production. conduction
requires physical contact. conducts heat away from your body
101
physical method of heat production. convection
requires a current of air. helps carry heat away
102
physical method of heat production. evaporation
heat converts water into gas. this produces a cooling effect
103
physiological methods of body temp regulation
alt of blood flow, muscular activates, sweat glands and hair
104
physiological methods of body temp regulation- alt of blood flow
dilation or constriction of blood flow
105
physiological methods of body temp regulation- muscular activities
shivering
106
hyperthermia
heat exhaustion- get to shade heat stroke- hospital required. stopped sweating. membrane permeablity increases to a very hugh amount sepsis could occur.
107
hypothermia
low body temp. stopped shivering. diffusion is slow so lower oxygen.
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