1
Q
what are long bones
A
longer in one axis than another; taller than wide, femur, phalanges
2
Q
what are short bones
A
as wide as they are long; tarsal, carpal bones
3
Q
what are flat bones
A
broad in one dimension flat in another; ribs, sternum, cranium
4
Q
what are sesamoid bones
A
found in soft tissue. least common; patella
5
Q
irregular bones
A
weird shaped; lots of sites for articulation. facial bones, vertebrae
6
Q
where is the epiphysis
where is diaphysis
A
proximal and distal on long bone
the middle part
these are unique to long bones
7
Q
where is articular cartilage found
A
found in all types of bones
8
Q
what is the medullary cavity
A
primarily in the diaphysis. unique to long bone
9
Q
compact (cortical) bone is
A
very tough, packed together. on the outside
10
Q
Cancellous bone (spongy) is what
A
looks like a sponge. more in the middle of the bone
11
Q
where is the periosteum
A
surrounding the bone primarily in the diaphysis(goes around the bone (perimeter))
NOT UNIQUE TO LONG BONES
12
Q
where is the endosteum
A
lines medullary cavity (endosteum is not unique to long bones)
13
Q
red marrow does what
A
produces all blood cells (not unique to long bones)
14
Q
yellow marrow is
A
primarily fat; can be used for energy
15
Q
osteocytes
A
present in cylinder of bone. builds bone matrix (extracellular matrix-inorganic salts, collagen
16
Q
concentric rings are around the
A
central canal
17
Q
the lacunae is a
A
gap around osteocytes
18
Q
each ring is called a
A
lamellae
19
Q
canals between bone that allow for exchange of nutrients is called
A
canaliculi THIS IS NOT PART OF CELL (gap junction)
20
Q
Central canals run ——- in compact bone
A
Longitudinally
21
Q
Perforating canals connect —- —- and runs longitude to them
A
Central canals
22
Q
Only compact bone has
A
central canals. because only central canals have osteons
23
Q
only spongy bone has
A
trabeculae
24
Q
hyaline cartilage chondrocytes are found in the
A
lacunae
25
in hyaline cartilage there are very fine __ in matrix
collagen fibers
26
hyaline cartilage composes
articular cartilage
27
the periosteum is made up of
dense fibrous connective tissue
28
development is
starting from something not bone and become bone
29
growth is
have a bone it just becomes a bigger bone
30
ossification is
new bone making bone matrix
31
calcification is
deposits or calcium in soft tissue
32
intramembranous is for
flat bones
33
Bone Development: intramembranous ossification
is primarily for flat bones
34
Bone Development: layers of the primitive mesenchyme begins with
progenitor/mesenchymal cell (not specialized)
35
Bone development after the progenitor/mesenchymal cell is
then some become specialized to osteoblasts and begin making bony matrix
36
Bone development process 3-6.
dense vascular blood supply, osteocytes soon isolated in lacunae, periosteum forms from mesenchyme, compact bone deposited over spongy bone
37
endochondral ossification is for
long bones
38
endochondral ossification starts with a __
cartilage model
39
In endochondral ossification what develops after cartilage model
periosteum
40
Endochondral ossification: after periosteum what develops?
compact bone and blood vessel start in the diaphysis (this is the primary ossification center)
41
After the primary ossification center what happens
blood vessels develop in the epiphysis (secondary ossification center)
42
the layer of cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis is called the
epiphyseal plate
43
layers of cartilaginous cells: resting cells
doing normal cell activities using ATP, not anything exciting
44
Layers of cartilaginous cells: mitotic cells (proliferating cells)
undergoing cell division; making lots of cells
45
layers of cartilaginous cells: hypertrophic cartilage
getting bigger
46
layers of cartilaginous cells: calcified matrix
dead cells; tissue around is becoming calcified
47
Cartilaginous cells- phagocytic osteoclasts and osteoblast
engulf calcified bone and break it down; modified macrophage(specialized and become osteoclast) and bone building comes in
48
cartilaginous cells: osteoclasts also have to break down tissue and expand the __ __
medullary cavity
49
Bone homeostasis vitamins-
A,C,D; vitamins are commonly coenzymes
50
Bone homeostasis- vitamin A
important for normal function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
51
bone homeostatic- vitamin C
important for production of collagen
52
bone homeostasis- vitamin D
necessary to absorb calcium
53
regulation of blood calcium-calcitonin and osteoblasts
important for nerve and muscle function
54
regulation of blood calcium- TOO HIGH
blood calcium is too high thyroid detects this is too high, releases calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels.so osteoblasts deposit this in the bones and blood calcium returns to normal
55
regulation of blood calcium- TOO LOW
BC too low. parathyroid gland recognizes this, releases parathyroid hormone. osteoclasts break down bone. blood calcium returns to normal
56
Classification of joints by degree of movement:
synarthrotic-immoavable
amphiarthrotic-slight or limited movement
diarthrotic-freely moveable
57
classification by anatomy
fibrous- held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
cartilaginous- held together by cartilage
synovial- fluid filled cavity with other kinds of tissue
58
fibrous joints are either
synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic
59
Syndesmosis
distal tibia and fibula- interosseous ligament-held together by dense fibrous connective tissue-degree of movement is amphiarthrotic- fibrous joint
60
suture
connects bones of skull- synarthrotic- fibrous joint
61
gomphosis
joint between tooth and mandible or maxilla- synarthrotic- periodontal ligament- fibrous joint
62
cartilaginous joints are
synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic
63
synchondrosis
between first rib and sternum- hyaline cartilage- synarthrotic- cartilaginous joint
64
symphysis
cartilagenous, between each body of vertebrae, between each pubic bone- amphiarthrotic,
65
synovial joints are always
diarthrotic
66
synovial joints have a joint capsule composed of
Inersynovial membrane (made from loose connective tissue), fibrous capsule(dense fibrous connective tissue),
67
ball and socket (synovial)
pronounced head that fits into cup. 3 planes of movement. flexion/extension, add/abd, rotation
68
condylar joints
two planes of movement. flexion/extension, abd/add. two cups fitting together. metacarpals/metatarsals and phalanges
69
plane joints
two flat surfaces. sliding movement. nonaxial or multiaxial
70
hinge joints
uniaxial, only flexion and extension, diarthrotic
71
pivot joints
uniaxial, rotation around an axis, diarthrotic
72
saddle joint
diarthrotic, carpal, and 1st metacarpal, movement in two plantes
73
active transport ---
against the gradient, carrier protein required, ATP hydrolysis
74
Sodium potassium pump
higher sodium outside the cell, and higher potassium inside the cell. Always pumping sodium out. Ratio of sodium to potassium is 3:2. More positive outside the cell. significant energy expenditure by cell (50%)
75
sodium potassium pump acts to ____ ____. There is higher sodium __ __ __. there is higher potassium __ ___ __.
maintain gradient. outside the cell. inside the cell
76
Cell membrane potential- cell membrane compartmentalization ions. concentration gradients ____.
potassium, sodium, calcium. established. sodium passively goes into cell, potassium passively leaves the cell,
77
potential energy-
measure of cell's ability to do work. resting membrane potential for neurons typically -70mV. Difference in charge between two areas creates potential energy
78
steady state
net flux=0. equal amounts going in as there is out.
79
the resting membrane potential is close potassium than
sodium
80
Does sodium really leak?
sodium can sometimes be cotransported with something like glucose. Na+ also enters the cell in exchange for
transport H+ out of the cell. It may be
necessary for the cell to get rid of H+ to
control pH.
81
electrostatic forces
some sodium is also drawn into the cell because the inside of the cell is less charged. That attraction isn't as great as the concentration gradient, but it does attract some sodium entry.
82
why is the membrane potential closer to potassium
because of the leak channels
83
Neuron anatomy
cell body, dendrites, axon, trigger zone
84
dendrites
receive impulse from previous cell
85
axon arises from axon hillock (trigger zone) and has many
voltage gated channels
86
Axons transmit electrical impulses ___ from the neuron's cell body, while dendrites receive electrical signals ___ other neurons.
away, from
87
voltage gated channels open in response to
membrane potential (specific for sodium)
88
ligand gated channels on
dendrites
89
what does myelination do
its a way of insultation, helps speed up impulses
90
there are no physical connections for
synaptic potential
91
synaptic cells have to have
ligand gated channels at the site of the synapse
92
graded potentials (sub threshold potentials)
below threshold. begins in dendrites and cell body. size of response is proportional to size of stimulus
93
depolarization is
change in membrane potential, inside of neuron becomes more positive
94
repolarization is
return to resting membrane potential
95
hyperpolarization is
positive leaves cell, makes inside more negative
96
the symphysis is made with ___
fibrocartilage
97
the synchondrosis is made with
hyaline cartilage
98
the axon arises from the __
axon hillock
99
excitatory post-synaptic potential
depolarized; closer to threshold
100
inhibitory post-synaptic potential
hyperpolarized; further from threshold; important for muscle control
101
temporal summation
two quick hits, so get added together because occurs fast in times
102
spatial summatation
neurons hit at different areas, positive ions come in to reach threshold and eventually add up
103
responses very localized
graded potential, highest where it came in. going to diffuse across cell, limited by distance
A&P
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