Pharmacology-PROF > Anesthesia > Flashcards

Anesthesia Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

objectives / characteristics /cardinal features of GA ??

649

A
  1. analgesia
  2. amnesia - loss of memory
  3. loss of consciousness
  4. loss of autonomic reflex
  5. skeletal muscle relaxation
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2
Q

stages of GA ?

A
  1. S-1 = Analgesia
  2. S-2 = excitement
  3. S-3 = Surgical A
  4. S-4 = medullary paralysis

549

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3
Q

which stage is tried to do short / skipped ??

A

stage-2
violent + combative behavior + rise / irregularity of BP

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4
Q

How to short stage - ??

A

before inhalation A
IV - thiopental

649

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5
Q

other name / sign
of stages of GA ??

A

Goudels signn

649

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6
Q

which A is using recently ??

A

PROPOFOL

650

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7
Q

Pre-anesthetic medication drugs name ??

A
  1. reduce anxiety = BDZ
  2. reduce analgesia = NSAID + opioids
  3. reduce bronchial salivary sweating secration = Anti-Muscarinic
  4. reduce gastric acid secretion = PPI
  5. Prevent vomiting = Ondansetron + metoclopramide
  6. prevent allergy = Antihistamine
  7. prevent infection = antibiotics
  8. for emptying GIT = Laxatives

651

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8
Q

stage of GA ??

A
  • Induction
  • maintenance
  • recovery

652

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9
Q

Drugs of Induction stage ??

A
  • IV = Thiopental + Propofol + Etomidate
  • Inhalation = halothane + sevoflurane

652

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10
Q

Drugs in Maintanence stage of GA ??

A
  • IV = propofol
  • Inhalation = Nitrous oxide + O2 + Halothane + sevoflurane
  • Neuromuscular blocker + Opioid

652

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11
Q

Drugs in Recovery stage of GA ??

A
  • Withdraw of Inhalation
  • Reverse muscle relaxation = Neostigmine
  • Analgesic = Opioid
  • Anti-emetic = Ondansetron + Metoclopramide + Cyclizine

652

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12
Q

combination of mutilple drugs for GA is called ??

A

Balanced A

653

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13
Q

IV / parental A name ??

A
  1. BDZ - Dia+Lora=Zepam + Midazolam
  2. Barbiturates = Thiopental Na + Methohexital
  3. Opioid = morphine + pethidine + fentanyl
  4. propofol
  5. ketamine
  6. etomidate

654

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14
Q

which A drugs in BD ??

A
  • Thiopental Na
  • ketamine
  • propofol

KTP

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15
Q

Which A drugs in children??

A

PROPOFOL

654

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16
Q

Inhalation A ??

A
  • Halothane
  • sevoflurane
  • enflurane
  • desflurane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • O2
  • isoflurane

654

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17
Q

why Halothane + Nitrous oxide ??

A
  • H = Good analgesia No A
  • NO = Good A but No Analgesia

656

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18
Q

dissociative A ??

A

ketamine A

655

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19
Q

M/A of ketamine ??

661

A
  • profound analgesia
  • unresponsiveness to coma
  • amnesia
  • eyes open
  • limbs involuntary
  • breath spontaneously
  • DIssociative A

661

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20
Q

Antiodote of Thiopental Na ??

A

No specific Antidote

658

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21
Q

cellular M/A of thiopnetal / GA ??

A
  • EFfects on synaptic transmission
  • action potential generation of propagation

658

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22
Q

Molecular M/A of GA ??

A
  • Target = Ligand gated ion channels
  • inc sensitivity of the GABAa receptors to GABA

658

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23
Q

Why Thiopental Na is preferred for Induction ??

Study These Flashcards
A
  • lipid solubility
  • IV
  • Quickly enters into CNS
  • Time = 1 minute

658

24
Q

what will happen if Thiopental Na is given in a post-operative patient ??

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. cardio-respiratory depression

659

24
Mostly used LA ??
LIDOCAINE | 665
25
Minor surgery which A ??
Local A | 664
26
Esters of LA ??
* Procaine * cocaine * tetracaine * benzocaine | 664
27
Amides of LA ??
* Lidocaine * bupiVacaine * MepiVacaine * LevoBupivacaine | 664
28
Why LA + Adrenaline ?? | 668
* Adrenaline = local vasoconstriction * dec blood flow * dec absoprtion of LA * LA can act on nerve for more time * Prolongation of action of LA | 668
29
Relationship of LA & Contact ??
inc contact time of LA = inc duration of action
30
Dose of Lidocaine with/without Adrenaline ??
* L only = 4.5 mg/kg * L + Adrenaline = 7 mg/kg | 664
31
in 70kg person dose of L ??
* Only L = 70*4.5 = 315mg * L+A = 70*7 = 490 mg | 664
32
caessarian delivery which LA ??
Spinal LA | 667
33
Painless vaginal delievry which LA ??
Epidural LA | 667
34
M/A of LA ??
667
35
LA form in market ??
Ample - Liquid - Ionized form
36
contraindications of Adrenaline in LA ??
Donot apply in arteries containing end arteries = gangrene - ischemia + necrosis | 668
37
which surgical OT by LA ??
* Abscess drainage * circumcision * cesarean section * orthopedic procedure * vascular surgeries | 670
37
most important A/E of LA ??
Tongue numbness + metallic taste | 669
38
others A/E of LA ??
* Sleepiness * light-Headedness * nystagmus * muscular twitching * tonic clonic convulsions * depression of CNS * Cardiac arrest * arrythmia | 669
39
Indications of Ketamine ??
* useful for Pt who are at risk of hypotension + bronchospasm * popular alternative of opioid as minimize respiratory depression * multiple routes can apply * combined with propofol | 661
40
advantages of Lidocaine ??
✅ ↑ Potency 🔥 (crosses nerve membrane easily) ✅ ↑ Duration of Action ⏳ (binds to lipophilic tissue → slow release) ✅ ↑ Nerve Penetration 🎯 (better blockade of deep nerves) ✅ ↓ Systemic Absorption 🚫 (stays local, less toxicity) ✅ Better Protein Binding 🛡️ (prolonged effect)
41
which drugs are used as route of administration for LA ??
Spinal & epidural LA
42
Which A used with gasegaseous GA ??
O2
43
In which stage of GA surgery is proceded ??
surgical A ## Footnote Prof
44
why we give Atropine before A ??
Dec secretion | 651 PROF
45
Which receptor is blocked by Lidocaine ??
voltage gated Na channel in afferent neurons
46
indication of Bupivacaine ??
cesarian section
47
indication of Thiopental Na ??
658 induction of GA stage 6.59PM 9.4.2025
48
most popular IV GA ??
PROPOFOL | 659
49
Which NMJ blocker used in Maintenance stage of anesthesia ?
Non-depolarizing blockers like Vecuronium, Rocuronium, Atracurium, or Cisatracurium are used during the maintenance stage of anesthesia to keep muscles relaxed.
50
lidocaine other indication <
dental extarction OT in legs + Forarms
51
which anesthetics in circumcision ?
lidocaine
52
obsterics ?
epidural
53
function of clorazepate
**Clorazepate** is a **benzodiazepine** used for: - **Anxiety relief** - **Seizure control (epilepsy)** - **Sedation** - **Muscle relaxation** - **Alcohol withdrawal symptoms** 🧠 It works by enhancing **GABA**, a calming chemical in the brain. ⚠️ Can cause **drowsiness** and **dependence** if used long-term.
54
if we want to prolong the action of lidocaine and increase its dose ? will it be effective ?
Without Epinephrine With Epinephrine Max dose 4.5 mg/kg 7 mg/kg Action duration Shorter Longer Bleeding control Less Better 📈 Does it allow higher dosing? ✅ Yes. Without epinephrine: max dose = 4.5 mg/kg With epinephrine: max dose = 7 mg/kg
55
metabolism of LA ?
"Amides have 'i' in the name — metabolized in liver" (e.g., lidocaine, bupivacaine) 🧪 1. Ester-type Anesthetics Examples: Procaine, Tetracaine, Benzocaine ✅ Metabolism: Rapidly broken down by plasma pseudocholinesterase (plasma esterase) Metabolized in the blood, not the liver Forms PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) → can cause allergic reactions 📌 Fast metabolism, short duration 🧪 2. Amide-type Anesthetics Examples: Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Mepivacaine, Prilocaine ✅ Metabolism: Metabolized in the liver by CYP450 enzymes Depends on liver function and hepatic blood flow 📌 Slower metabolism, longer duration
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