Animal studies COPY

Question 1

✪ Why is the usefulness of animal studies in explaining human attachment considered limited?

Answer 1

Human attachment may be more complex due to sophisticated emotions, limiting extrapolation

Question 2

● Which mother did the monkeys prefer when frightened?

Answer 2

Cloth mother

Question 3

● What did the cloth mother provide?

Answer 3

Comfort

Question 4

✪ Why is Harlow’s study seen as having practical applications for child-rearing practices?

Answer 4

Shows comfort is vital for attachment, informing social workers to go beyond physical care

Question 5

● What type of experiment did Lorenz conduct?

Answer 5

Field experiment

Question 6

● What did Lorenz vary in his study?

Answer 6

Time between birth and seeing a moving object

Question 7

✪ What implication does sexual imprinting have for the concept of fixed attachment windows?

Answer 7

Supports the idea of a critical period where inappropriate attachments may form permanently

Question 8

▲ Why might Harlow’s findings be important for social workers?

Answer 8

Helps identify infants lacking bonding experiences

Question 9

▲ What does Harlow’s study suggest about physical care and bonding?

Answer 9

Bonding requires more than just physical care

Question 10

▲ What kind of attachment behaviour did the monkeys show?

Answer 10

Preference for comfort over food

Question 11

✪ Why might Harlow’s study be more internally valid than earlier orphan studies?

Answer 11

Controlled environment isolates variables like comfort and food

Question 12

● What was the IV1 in Lorenz’s study?

Answer 12

Hatched with mother goose in natural environment

Question 13

● What was the IV2 in Lorenz’s study?

Answer 13

Hatched in an incubator, first saw Lorenz

Question 14

● What was the aim of Harlow’s study?

Answer 14

To investigate whether food or comfort is more important in forming attachments

Question 15

▲ What does Harlow’s use of surrogate mothers suggest about early bonding?

Answer 15

It’s influenced more by comfort than food

Question 16

✪ How does Regolin and Vallortigara’s study support Lorenz’s theory of imprinting?

Answer 16

Chicks followed original shape they saw, supporting imprinting occurs in critical period and is innate

Question 17

▲ In Lorenz’s study, what behaviour indicated successful imprinting?

Answer 17

Following the first moving object seen

Question 18

▲ Why did Harlow include a loud noise in his procedure?

Answer 18

To test which mother was preferred when stressed

Question 19

● What might Lorenz’s findings imply about human attachment?

Answer 19

There may be a critical period for attachment

Question 20

✪ Why might using a field experiment in Lorenz’s study affect its internal validity?

Answer 20

Field conditions may lack control, affecting reliability of conclusions about imprinting

Question 21

● What kind of environment did Harlow conduct his research in?

Answer 21

Controlled environment

Question 22

▲ What does the use of cloth and wire mothers represent in Harlow’s study?

Answer 22

Comfort and food

Question 23

▲ How does Lorenz’s use of a control group help validate his findings?

Answer 23

Shows imprinting depends on first moving object seen

Question 24

● What is the conclusion from Lorenz’s study?

Answer 24

Goslings imprint on the first moving object

Question 25

✪ Why may Lorenz’s research be criticised for researcher bias, and how does this affect its conclusions?

Answer 25

Lorenz recorded his own observations and may have selected data supporting his theory, reducing internal validity

Question 26

● What is the main conclusion from Harlow’s study?

Answer 26

Contact comfort is more important than food

Question 27

● What is the critical period for imprinting in goslings?

Answer 27

12-17 hours after hatching

Question 28

● What was the aim of Lorenz’s research?

Answer 28

To investigate the effects of imprinting on goslings

Question 29

✪ Why does Harlow’s study support the idea that attachment is not based on feeding?

Answer 29

Monkeys preferred comfort over milk, contradicting cupboard love theory

Question 30

● What is sexual imprinting according to Lorenz?

Answer 30

Goslings attempting to mate with humans

Question 31

● What did the wire mother provide?

Answer 31

Milk

Question 32

✪ How might long-term emotional damage found in Harlow’s monkeys reflect on the importance of early bonding?

Answer 32

Suggests lack of comfort early in life leads to poor adult relationships

Question 33

✪ Why is it difficult to generalise Lorenz’s findings to humans?

Answer 33

Findings based on geese, which have less emotional complexity than humans

Question 34

▲ How could imprinting in goslings relate to human infant-caregiver relationships?

Answer 34

Shows importance of early exposure to caregiver

Question 35

✪ How does the use of rhesus monkeys in Harlow’s study introduce concerns about animal bias?

Answer 35

Rhesus monkeys are not humans; behaviour may not generalise to human attachment

Question 36

● How many monkeys were used in Harlow’s study?

Answer 36

16 baby rhesus monkeys

Question 37

● What emotional damage did monkeys experience later in life?

Answer 37

Timid, bullied, difficulty mating, inadequate mothers

Question 38

✪ How does the concept of a critical period support Bowlby’s attachment theory?

Answer 38

Lorenz’s findings show imprinting must occur early, supporting Bowlby’s critical period idea

Question 39

✪ How do the findings from Harlow’s research affect the credibility of attachment theory?

Answer 39

Support the role of contact comfort, increasing credibility as part of applied psychology

Question 40

● What behaviour did Lorenz record?

Answer 40

Who the goslings imprinted on