ANS/Adaptation

Question 1

Acute Adaptation:

• 3 acute responses of heart?
• Effects of B adrenergic signalling?
• Effects of isotonic exercise? (4)
• Effects of isometric exercise? (4)

Answer 1

• Length dependent activation; inotropic; increase HR
• Increase cAMP and PKA
• Decrease afterload; increase preload; increase adrenergics (HR and inotropy); same EDV but greater ESV
• Increase afterload; increase HR; No change in CO; volumes don’t change but greater point where aortic valve opens

Question 2

Chronic Adaptation:

• Altered sizes and shapes? (3) Relation to width and length?
• Myosin isoforms with physio hypertrophy? ATPase activity? With patho hypertrophy?
• Changes in structure are quantitative? qualitative? Meaning?
• LVH molecular mechanism?
• LV function in relation to 30% MI?

Answer 2

1. ) Dilation: Big increase in length comapred to width
2. ) Patho hypertrophy: Greater width than length
3. ) Physio hyper: Greater length than width
   - More aa with greater ATPase activity; more BB with less ATPase activity
   - Yes; yes; geno/pheno plascicty
   - Ca dependent phosphatase (calcneurin) removes phosphate from NFAT which acts as TF for cardiac growth and remodeling
   - More than 30% related insult to EF

Question 3

ANS:
ANS innervates? (3) How many synapses?
- Nuclei vs ganglia?
- Nuclei of solitary tract do what?
- Ratio of pre and post ganglia in SNS vs. PNS?
- Ach works on? (2) Non GCPR? NE works on? (2)
- Role of SNS? (4)
- Role of PNS? (3)
- Drug that mimics SNS? PNS?
- What tells hypo/Post. Pit to release vasopressin?
- Role of adrenal medulla? Innervated by?
- Baro reflex? (2) Overall effect? Also acts on?

Answer 3

• SM/cardiac/glands; multiple compared to SM
• Nuclei = cluster of cell bodies in CNS; “ “ in PNS
• In medulla convey visceral sensory input
• SNS = 1:10; PNS = 1:3
• nicotinic (non GCPR) and muscarinic; a and B adrenergic
• Increase BP, HR, Ino, BV via constriction
• Decrease BP, HR, Ino, NOT BV dilation
• Atropine; Propranolol
• Renin
• Release NE, E, Dopa; pre gang sympathetics
• Baro –> Solitary tract –> Release GABA (inh) or Glutamate (exc) –> Gaba = less NE; Gluta = more Ach; decrease BP; medulla