Antibiotics

Question 1

define disinfectant

Answer 1

kills bacteria from the area e.g. instrument
reduces bacteria being transferred from environment to patient

Question 2

define antiseptic

Answer 2

applied to the skin and wounds
kill bacteria and reduce the likelihood of wounds becoming infected , bacteria getting into the blood

Question 3

define an antibiotic

Answer 3

a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the multiplication/replication of bacteria and other microorganisms

Question 4

how do antibiotics work

Answer 4

slow bacterial growth/replication so fewer cells are produced
gives more time for immune system to respond
expansion of B cells, produce antibodies
by phagocytosis, macrophages engulf and digest bacteria

Question 5

how do antibiotics work

Answer 5

inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis (cell lysis)
disruption of the cell membrane (cell lysis changes permeability)
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, replication and transcription (prevents cell division or enzyme synthesis)
inhibition of protein synthesis
inhibition of bacterial metabolic enzymes

Question 6

what are the two groups saying bacteria can be classed in

Answer 6

bactericidal antibiotics
bacteriostatic antibiotics

Question 7

what do bactericidal antibiotics do

Answer 7

will destroy almost all of the pathogens present

Question 8

what do bacteriostatic antibiotics do

Answer 8

antibiotic or the dose completely inhibits the replication of the microorganism
hosts immune system can then destroy the pathogen

Question 9

why do antibiotics not destroy animal cells or viruses

Answer 9

antibiotics that weaken the cell walls do not work against animal cells or viruses because the cells don’t have cell walls
antibiotics that disrupt cell membranes do not work against viruses because they have no cell membrane

Question 10

antibiotic resistance process

Answer 10

random mutation has caused advantageous allele, makes bacteria naturally resistant
advantageous allele may produce an enzyme to break down antibiotic
antibiotic acts as a selection pressure
resistant bacteria survive and reproduce by binary fission
pass resistant allele to offspring
increased allele frequency for resistance in allele population
antibiotic is no longer effective

Question 11

how do hospitals control the development of multi-drug resistant bacteria and their spread

Answer 11

hygiene- hand wash stations at ward entrances
clothing- no ties, watches or long sleeves
only use antibiotics when patient has been 100 percent diagnosed with bacterial infection
only use antibiotics when needed
patients should complete cycle even if they fell better to ensure all bacteria is destroyed
infection control used to prevent spread in hospitals by isolating patients
give antibiotic that targets bacteria causing infection
educate patients to take antibiotics