Specific immune response

Question 1

activation of T helper cells process (humoral response)

Answer 1

-bacterium is engulfed by macrophage during phagocytosis
-macrophage becomes an antigen presenting cell (APC)
-APC binds to the CD4 receptor on T helper cell
-T helper cell differentiates and divides into active T helper cells and T memory cells

Question 2

activation of B cells + making the antibodies (humoral response)

Answer 2

-bacterium with antigens on surface are engulfed by B cell (complementary receptors on B cell binds to non-self antigen)
-B cells become APC’s
-APC B cells bind to active T helper cells
-active T helper cells release cytokines which causes B cells to differentiate and divide into B memory and B effector cells
-B effector cells differentiate and divide into plasma cells
-plasma cells differentiate and divide into specific antibody (each B cell produces only one type of antibody that binds to one specific antigen)

Question 3

role of antibodies (humoral response)

Answer 3

-bacterium with antigens on surface
-antibody binds to the receptor on the macrophage (antibody receptor on macrophage recognises constant region on antibody)
-macrophage engulfs bacterium
-lysosome inside macrophage releases digestive enzymes (lysozyme for bacteria) that destroys the bacteria/virus