What are the three components of evidence-based practice?
Best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values.
How do literature reviews help guide evidence-based practice?
By evaluating existing studies to inform decisions.
What type of evidence is at the top of the hierarchy of evidence?
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
What types of studies are in the middle of the hierarchy of evidence?
Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies.
What types of evidence are at the bottom of the hierarchy of evidence?
Case series, expert opinion, and anecdotal reports.
What is a primary source in evidence-based practice?
Original research such as experiments and clinical trials.
What is a secondary source in evidence-based practice?
Reviews, summaries, and critiques of primary research.
What is an important consideration when applying evidence to practice?
Whether the study is relevant to the clinical or research question.
Why are peer-reviewed sources preferred in evidence-based practice?
They are more reliable.
What is the goal of basic research?
To discover new knowledge by asking “how,” “what,” or “why,” often in vitro or animal studies.
What is the goal of applied research?
To solve practical problems by applying findings from basic research.
What is translational research?
Research that bridges laboratory findings to clinical applications, testing efficacy and safety in patients.
What is a cross-sectional study?
Observational research at one point in time that cannot establish cause-and-effect.
What is retrospective research?
Research that uses existing data, such as medical records.
What is prospective research?
Research designed in advance that follows groups over time.
What is observational research?
Research with no intervention that shows correlations only, such as cohort or case-control studies.
What is a longitudinal study?
Research with repeated or continuous measures over time to show trends.
What is experimental research?
Research with an intervention, often randomized, that explores cause-and-effect.
What is qualitative research?
Subjective, thematic research that is not easily generalizable.
What is quantitative research?
Objective, numerical, and generalizable research that uses statistical analysis.
What are mixed methods?
Research combining qualitative and quantitative approaches for deeper insight.
What is a null hypothesis (H₀)?
A statement that assumes no effect or no relationship exists.
What is the goal of hypothesis testing?
To collect evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
What is an independent variable?
The factor manipulated or observed, such as soda intake.
