Assessment & Testing

Question 1

While designing an entrance exam for an advanced counseling program, faculty set most items to a difficulty level where only 25% of applicants are expected to answer correctly. What is the intended outcome?

• A. Ensure the test is fair for all applicants
• B. Select only the highest-performing candidates
• C. Eliminate cultural bias

Answer 1

B. Select only the highest-performing candidates

A difficulty level of .25 means only 25% are expected to answer correctly, which is appropriate when the goal is to admit only top performers.

Question 2

A counselor is designing a readiness test for children entering kindergarten. She decides to create items that increase in difficulty as the test progresses, so that later questions challenge higher-level skills. This design reflects which test format?

• A. Spiral test
• B. Cyclical test
• C. Ipsative measure

Answer 2

A. Spiral test

Spiral tests arrange items in order of increasing difficulty, which is appropriate for gauging ability across a range of skill levels.

Question 3

In a normally distributed IQ test (mean = 100, SD = 15), which T-score corresponds to a raw score of 130?

• A. 70
• B. 80
• C. 30

Answer 3

A. 70

A raw 130 is 2 SD above mean; T-score formula (10z + 50) = 70.

Question 4

After witnessing violence, a client experiences flashbacks for one month and hypervigilance. Appropriate provisional diagnosis:

• A. Acute stress disorder
• B. Post-traumatic stress disorder
• C. Adjustment disorder

Answer 4

A. Acute stress disorder

Duration under one month fits acute stress disorder; beyond one month → PTSD.

Question 5

A counselor gives the same assessment to the same group twice over two weeks to check score stability. This is testing:

• A. Test-retest reliability
• B. Alternate forms reliability
• C. Split-half reliability

Answer 5

A. Test-retest reliability

Test-retest reliability checks consistency across repeated administrations.

Question 6

Keeping a journal of irrational thoughts for therapy is best classified as: What is it classified as?

• A. Unethical
• B. Standardized testing
• C. Informal assessment

Answer 6

C. Informal assessment

Journaling is a nonstandardized, informal tool for self-reflection and counselor insight.

Question 7

A counselor emails a full psychological report to a teacher distribution list to “coordinate care.” To comply with privacy principles, the counselor should have:

• A. Copied all faculty for transparency
• B. Attached the entire report because it’s already in the file
• C. Shared only the minimum necessary information to achieve the educational purpose

Answer 7

C. Shared only the minimum necessary information to achieve the educational purpose

Whether under HIPAA’s “minimum necessary” or FERPA’s legitimate educational interest standard, limit disclosure to what’s required.

Question 8

In an assessment study, the correlation between two administrations of the same test, taken two weeks apart, is .42. Which conclusion is most appropriate?

• A. The test has acceptable test-retest reliability.
• B. The test’s stability over time is questionable.
• C. The two administrations measure different constructs.

Answer 8

B. The test’s stability over time is questionable

.42 is low for reliability; generally > .80 is considered acceptable.

Question 9

A counselor uses an instrument that measures an abstract trait like ego strength. Which type of validity is most relevant?

• A. Construct validity
• B. Criterion validity
• C. Face validity

Answer 9

A. Construct validity

Construct validity refers to whether a test accurately measures a theoretical trait or concept.

Question 10

An adolescent alternating between binge eating and purging through exercise demonstrates:

• A. Anorexia Nervosa, Restricting Type
• B. Bulimia Nervosa
• C. Binge-Eating Disorder

Answer 10

B. Bulimia Nervosa

Binging followed by compensatory behavior defines Bulimia Nervosa.

Question 11

While reviewing test results, a counselor notes that 80% of clients answered one particular item correctly. Which index does this percentage represent?

• A. Difficulty index
• B. Reliability coefficient
• C. Standard error of measurement

Answer 11

A. Difficulty index

The difficulty index measures the percentage of individuals who answer correctly; higher percentages mean easier items.

Question 12

A counselor explains to a student intern that “psychometric” refers to: What?

• A. Medical tests of brain activity
• B. Any form of mental testing or measurement
• C. Cognitive skills unrelated to testing

Answer 12

B. Any form of mental testing or measurement

Psychometrics is the science of measuring mental functions and abilities through testing.

Question 13

A researcher finds a correlation of 0.50 between two problem-solving ability tests. What percentage of the variance is explained by this correlation?

• A. 50%
• B. 25%
• C. 75%

Answer 13

B. 25%

The percentage of variance explained is the square of the correlation coefficient (r = 0.50). Squaring 0.50 gives 0.25, or 25% of the variance is explained by the correlation. The remaining variance is 100% - 25% = 75%.

Question 14

A client displays obsession with order, perfectionism, and control without intrusive unwanted thoughts. The diagnosis is:

• A. OCD
• B. OCPD
• C. GAD

Answer 14

B. OCPD

Personality-based rigidity and perfectionism distinguish OCPD from OCD’s intrusive obsessions.

Question 15

A counselor compares percentile ranks and standard scores. Which feature do they have in common?

• A. Both are normally distributed when transformed, regardless of the raw score distribution.
• B. Both use a fixed external standard for interpretation.
• C. Both compare the examinee’s score to scores of others in the norm group.

Answer 15

C. Both compare the examinee’s score to scores of others in the norm group.

Both percentile ranks and standard scores reference the norm group’s performance, although they express results differently.

Question 16

Who is generally most qualified to administer the Rorschach? Who?

• A. NCC counselor
• B. Clinical psychologist
• C. Psychiatrist

Answer 16

B. Clinical psychologist

The Rorschach requires specialized training, typically held by clinical psychologists.

Question 17

A client believes neighbors are conspiring through coded messages. Functioning is intact but suspiciousness is pervasive. This suggests:

• A. Schizoaffective Disorder
• B. Paranoid Personality Disorder
• C. Delusional Disorder

Answer 17

C. Delusional Disorder

Fixed false beliefs without marked disorganization fit Delusional Disorder.

Question 18

A counselor is preparing students for a statewide academic skills exam. The test begins with easier items in reading comprehension, progresses to more difficult items, then starts over with easier items in mathematics, and again increases difficulty. This pattern repeats for science and social studies. Which test format best describes this exam?

• A. Spiral test
• B. Cyclical test
• C. Power test

Answer 18

B. Cyclical test

A cyclical test contains multiple sections, each section organized like a spiral (from easy to difficult), but difficulty resets at the start of each new section.

Question 19

One advantage of interest inventories is that they: What is an advantage?

• A. Are always graded by the test-taker
• B. Require no reading
• C. Are generally reliable and non-threatening

Answer 19

C. Are generally reliable and non-threatening

They tend to have good reliability and are easy for clients to complete without stress.

Question 20

A norm-referenced test compares an individual’s score to:

• A. Established population performance
• B. Criterion mastery
• C. Personal past results

Answer 20

A. Established population performance

Norm-referenced interpretation ranks individuals within a larger distribution.

Question 21

A counselor reminds a trainee that the four major functions of assessment include:

• A. Prediction, monitoring, evaluation, discrimination
• B. Prediction, standardization, evaluation, classification
• C. Prediction, classification, monitoring, screening

Answer 21

A. Prediction, monitoring, evaluation, discrimination

Standard texts identify prediction, monitoring, evaluation, and discrimination as primary functions.

Question 22

A counselor notes a test is very consistent in scores but does not measure what it claims. Which is true?

• A. Reliable but not valid
• B. Valid but not reliable
• C. Both valid and reliable

Answer 22

A. Reliable but not valid

Reliability means consistency; validity means accuracy. A test can be consistent but still inaccurate.

Question 23

A counselor avoids relying solely on self-report questionnaires because: Why?

• A. Clients often give inaccurate answers
• B. Ethics prohibit them
• C. Clients need high IQ to complete them

Answer 23

A. Clients often give inaccurate answers

Self-reports can be influenced by bias or inaccurate self-perception.

Question 24

In a predictive validity study, the correlation between high school GPA and first-year college GPA is found to be .48. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation?

• A. 48% of the variance in college GPA is accounted for by high school GPA.
• B. 23% of the variance in college GPA is accounted for by high school GPA.
• C. 77% of the variance in college GPA is explained by high school GPA.

Answer 24

B. 23% of the variance in college GPA is accounted for by high school GPA

(.48)² = .2304 → ~23% shared variance

Question 25

Anna and David took a standardized verbal test. The mean was 85, SD = 5. Anna’s z-score was 1.0, David’s T-score was 40. **On the test:** * A. Anna scored 90 and David scored 80. * B. Anna scored 90 and David scored 85. * C. Anna scored 95 and David scored 80.

Answer 25

A. Anna scored 90 and David scored 80. ## Footnote Anna: 85 + (1 × 5) = 90 David: T = 40 → z = -1.0 → 85 - 5 = 80

Question 26

Which are examples of aptitude tests? **Which ones?** * A. O*NET Ability Profiler and MCAT * B. MMPI-2 and CPI * C. Strong Interest Inventory and LSAT

Answer 26

A. O*NET Ability Profiler and MCAT ## Footnote Both measure potential performance or abilities relevant to future training or careers.

Question 27

A career counselor administers two interest inventories to the same group of clients. **The instruments yield a correlation coefficient of .63. This suggests that:** * A. Approximately 40% of the variance in scores is shared between the instruments. * B. The inventories measure unrelated constructs. * C. The instruments are not appropriate for concurrent validity analysis.

Answer 27

A. Approximately 40% of the variance in scores is shared between the instruments ## Footnote (.63)² = .3969 → ~40% shared variance

Question 28

Which type of counselor is most likely to prefer projective testing methods? **Who?** * A. Rogerian counselor * B. Psychodynamic clinician * C. Transactional analyst

Answer 28

B. Psychodynamic clinician ## Footnote Projective tests are aligned with psychodynamic approaches that explore unconscious processes.

Question 29

A researcher reports that two measures of counselor burnout share 81% of their variance. **This finding would most likely result from which correlation coefficient?** * A. .81 * B. .90 * C. .95

Answer 29

B. .90 ## Footnote √.81 = .90.

Question 30

What percentage of variance is **not** explained by the correlation between the two tests measuring problem-solving ability if the correlation is 0.70? * A. 30% * B. 49% * C. 51%

Answer 30

C. 51% ## Footnote The percentage of variance explained by the correlation is the square of the correlation coefficient (r = 0.70). Squaring 0.70 gives 0.49, which means 49% of the variance is explained. The remaining variance, or the percentage not explained, is 100% - 49% = 51%.

Question 31

An older adult scores lower on an IQ test compared to younger adults. A researcher attributes this primarily to differences in educational and cultural experiences between generations. **This illustrates:** * A. Measurement error in test reliability * B. Cohort effects related to educational/cultural differences * C. The direct impact of aging on cognition

Answer 31

B. Cohort effects related to educational/cultural differences ## Footnote Cross-sectional studies can reflect generational (cohort) differences, not actual cognitive decline.

Question 32

The **original purpose of the Binet-Simon test was to:** * A. Assess high school graduates * B. Screen U.S. Army recruits * C. Identify children with intellectual disabilities

Answer 32

C. Identify children with intellectual disabilities ## Footnote It was designed to distinguish children with learning difficulties from those without.

Question 33

A new counselor assumes that a test appearing to measure social skills is automatically valid for that purpose. **Which concept is she misunderstanding?** * A. Construct validity * B. Predictive validity * C. Face validity

Answer 33

C. Face validity ## Footnote Face validity refers only to how a test appears, not whether it actually measures what it claims to measure.

Question 34

A new counselor says, “If a test has low reliability, it will also have low validity.” **Is this correct?** * A. Yes, because unreliable tests cannot be valid. * B. No, because reliability ensures validity. * C. No, because validity does not require reliability.

Answer 34

A. Yes, because unreliable tests cannot be valid. ## Footnote Reliability is a prerequisite for validity.

Question 35

A bilingual client scores lower on a verbal reasoning test. To interpret ethically, **the counselor should:** * A. Retest repeatedly for accuracy * B. Compare scores only to English-speaking norms * C. Consider language proficiency and cultural bias before conclusion

Answer 35

C. Consider language proficiency and cultural bias before conclusion ## Footnote Cultural and linguistic context profoundly shape test performance; equity requires nuanced interpretation.

Question 36

A counseling researcher notes a correlation of –.50 between stress levels and life satisfaction. **The proportion of variance in common is:** * A. 50% * B. 25% * C. –50%

Answer 36

B. 25% ## Footnote The sign doesn’t matter for shared variance: (−.50)² = .25 → 25%

Question 37

A job applicant completes an interest inventory but answers in ways they think will be viewed favorably. **What is this called?** * A. Standard error * B. Social desirability bias * C. Cultural bias

Answer 37

B. Social desirability bias ## Footnote Social desirability bias occurs when respondents give socially acceptable rather than truthful answers.

Question 38

If a measure predicts future GPA from an entrance exam, **it demonstrates:** * A. Predictive validity * B. Concurrent validity * C. Face validity

Answer 38

A. Predictive validity ## Footnote Predictive validity evaluates how accurately a test forecasts future outcomes.

Question 39

A counselor suspects that a standardized test is culturally biased because it contains vocabulary specific to middle-class American households. **Which of the following steps is the most ethical?** * A. Continue using the test until a better one is found. * B. Administer the test only to clients from similar backgrounds. * C. Use alternative assessments that are culturally fair and normed on diverse populations.

Answer 39

C. Use alternative assessments that are culturally fair and normed on diverse populations. ## Footnote Ethical practice requires selecting culturally fair instruments when available, especially if bias could affect validity.

Question 40

Counselors may use psychological tests to secure which type of diagnosis for insurance reimbursement? **Which type?** * A. CPT * B. DSM or ICD * C. Percentile

Answer 40

B. DSM or ICD ## Footnote DSM or ICD diagnoses are required for most third-party payments.

Question 41

Which type of standard score most closely **follows the normal curve?** * A. T-score * B. Deciles * C. Z-score

Answer 41

C. Z-score ## Footnote Z-scores are directly tied to the standard normal distribution.

Question 42

A counselor needs to choose between the WAIS-IV, MMPI-2, TAT, and a digital scale to ensure maximum reliability. **Which option will have the highest reliability coefficient?** * A. WAIS-IV * B. MMPI-2 * C. TAT

Answer 42

A. WAIS-IV ## Footnote Mechanical devices like a precise digital scale have near-perfect reliability compared to psychological tests.

Question 43

Integrating **research evidence, counselor skill, and client preference** best demonstrates: * A. Evidence-based practice * B. Practitioner intuition * C. Program evaluation

Answer 43

A. Evidence-based practice ## Footnote Evidence-based practice merges empirical data, counselor competence, and client context for balanced decision-making.

Question 44

One major current trend in testing is: **What is a trend?** * A. More reliance on computer-assisted testing and scoring * B. Increased paper-and-pencil use * C. More standardized tests for children

Answer 44

A. More reliance on computer-assisted testing and scoring ## Footnote Technology has expanded computerized administration and scoring.

Question 45

Sophia and Jake took an exam (M = 70, SD = 10). Sophia’s z = 0, Jake’s T = 30. **On the test:** * A. Sophia scored 70, Jake scored 50. * B. Sophia scored 75, Jake scored 55. * C. Sophia scored 70, Jake scored 60.

Answer 45

A. Sophia scored 70, Jake scored 50. ## Footnote Sophia: z = 0 → score = 70 Jake: T = 30 → z = -2.0 → 70 - 20 = 50

Question 46

A client scores 1.5 SD above the mean on anxiety. **The interpretation should emphasize:** * A. Statistically elevated symptoms requiring clinical context * B. Pathology beyond recovery * C. Normal range functioning

Answer 46

A. Statistically elevated symptoms requiring clinical context ## Footnote Scores suggest heightened risk; interpretation must integrate clinical judgment.

Question 47

A counselor interprets a client’s test scores without considering cultural context. **This error primarily violates:** * A. Confidentiality in testing * B. Requirements for informed consent * C. Standards for fairness and validity

Answer 47

C. Standards for fairness and validity ## Footnote Tests normed on dominant populations can yield biased interpretations when applied cross-culturally; fairness demands contextual awareness.

Question 48

A researcher finds that two personality scales have 64% shared variance. **The correlation coefficient must be:** * A. .80 or –.80 * B. .64 * C. .60 or –.60

Answer 48

A. .80 or –.80 ## Footnote r = √.64 = .80; correlation could be positive or negative.

Question 49

A client reports loss of pleasure, fatigue, and guilt lasting 2 years, with no symptom-free period longer than 2 months. **The likely condition is:** * A. Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent * B. Persistent Depressive Disorder * C. Bipolar II Disorder

Answer 49

B. Persistent Depressive Disorder ## Footnote Chronic low mood lasting ≥ 2 years (or >1 year in youth) indicates Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia).

Question 50

A researcher finds a correlation of .95 between two measures of self-esteem. **This indicates:** * A. 95% of the variance is shared. * B. 90.25% of the variance is shared. * C. 81% of the variance is shared.

Answer 50

B. 90.25% of the variance is shared. ## Footnote (.95)² = .9025 → 90.25%

Question 51

A counselor notes that test scores cluster tightly around the mean. **This indicates:** * A. High variability * B. Small standard deviation * C. Positive skew

Answer 51

B. Small standard deviation ## Footnote A small standard deviation signifies consistent performance near the average.

Question 52

During a school district’s review of testing procedures, a counselor recommends replacing a speed test with a power test for evaluating reading comprehension. **Which rationale best supports this change?** * A. Power tests allow for unlimited time, measuring the depth of comprehension rather than speed. * B. Speed tests are more culturally fair. * C. Power tests eliminate the need for item difficulty analysis.

Answer 52

A. Power tests allow for unlimited time, measuring the depth of comprehension rather than speed. ## Footnote Power tests focus on the complexity of items and depth of understanding rather than quick responses, making them more appropriate for evaluating comprehension.

Question 53

A new counseling skills test has a reliability coefficient of .90. **This means:** * A. 90% of score variance is true variance. * B. 90% of examinees passed. * C. It is valid for all uses.

Answer 53

A. 90% of score variance is true variance. ## Footnote Reliability coefficients reflect the proportion of true variance; .90 means 90% is accurate measurement.

Question 54

A client takes the same cognitive ability test twice, six months apart, and receives similar scores. **Which psychometric property does this demonstrate?** * A. Predictive validity * B. Test-retest reliability * C. Internal consistency

Answer 54

B. Test-retest reliability ## Footnote Test-retest reliability measures the stability of scores over time.

Question 55

If a study finds a correlation of 0.70 between two tests measuring problem-solving ability, **which of the following is true regarding the explained variance?** * A. The tests explain 70% of the variance in problem-solving ability. * B. The tests explain 49% of the variance in problem-solving ability. * C. The tests explain 51% of the variance in problem-solving ability.

Answer 55

B. The tests explain 49% of the variance in problem-solving ability ## Footnote The percentage of variance explained is the square of the correlation coefficient (r = 0.70). Squaring 0.70 results in 0.49, or 49% of the variance being explained. Therefore, the remaining variance (unexplained) is 51%.

Question 56

The mean IQ score is 100. **What is the standard deviation for the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet?** * A. 100; 100 * B. 15; 16 * C. 20; 10

Answer 56

B. 15; 16 ## Footnote Wechsler’s SD is 15; Stanford-Binet’s is 16.

Question 57

A school psychologist administers a reading comprehension exam where students can take as long as they need to finish. **Which type of test is this?** * A. Speed test * B. Power test * C. Recognition test

Answer 57

B. Power test ## Footnote Power tests measure ability without time constraints, focusing on item difficulty rather than speed.

Question 58

A client’s IQ score is two standard deviations above the mean on the WAIS-IV. **What does this indicate?** * A. The client scored above 97% of the population. * B. The client scored above 84% of the population. * C. The client scored above 68% of the population.

Answer 58

A. The client scored above 97% of the population. ## Footnote Two standard deviations above the mean (130 on WAIS-IV) is roughly the 98th percentile, meaning about 97–98% scored lower.

Question 59

A school district plans to introduce a standardized test to predict student success in college. **Which type of validity should be prioritized?** * A. Predictive validity * B. Concurrent validity * C. Content validity

Answer 59

A. Predictive validity ## Footnote Predictive validity measures how well a test forecasts future performance, such as college success.

Question 60

Which **limitation** applies to percentile ranks? * A. They measure true score variance * B. They show standard deviation units * C. They do not represent equal intervals

Answer 60

C. They do not represent equal intervals ## Footnote Percentiles distort distance between ranks.

Question 61

The distinction between aptitude and achievement is blurred in tests like the: **Which test?** * A. Stanford-Binet * B. WAIS-IV * C. GRE

Answer 61

C. GRE ## Footnote The GRE assesses both learned knowledge and predicts graduate school performance.

Question 62

Group IQ tests like the Otis-Lennon are **popular in schools because they:** * A. Are more accurate than individual IQ tests * B. Are quicker to administer * C. Always have higher reliability

Answer 62

B. Are quicker to administer ## Footnote Group tests are efficient, though not necessarily more accurate.

Question 63

A client’s IQ score is reported as 104 with a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 3. **Which interpretation is most accurate?** * A. The client’s IQ is exactly 104. * B. The true score is likely between 101 and 107 about 68% of the time. * C. The IQ score cannot be interpreted without achievement data.

Answer 63

B. The true score is likely between 101 and 107 about 68% of the time. ## Footnote The SEM indicates the likely range for the true score within a certain confidence interval (±1 SEM for 68% confidence).

Question 64

If the correlation between two alternate forms of an exam is .80, **the proportion of variance they share is:** * A. 64% * B. 80% * C. 8%

Answer 64

A. 64% ## Footnote Shared variance = r² (.80)² = .64 → 64%

Question 65

A depression inventory looks like it measures sadness and loss of interest. However, deeper analysis shows it doesn’t predict actual depression diagnoses. **This demonstrates:** * A. Low face validity * B. Low predictive validity * C. Low construct validity

Answer 65

B. Low predictive validity ## Footnote Predictive validity concerns whether the test can forecast relevant outcomes, such as a clinical diagnosis.

Question 66

Logan and Lily took a test (M = 100, SD = 25). Logan’s z = -1.0, Lily’s T = 60. **On the test:** * A. Logan scored 75, Lily scored 125. * B. Logan scored 80, Lily scored 115. * C. Logan scored 75, Lily scored 115.

Answer 66

A. Logan scored 75, Lily scored 125. ## Footnote Logan: 100 - 25 = 75 Lily: T = 60 → z = +1.0 → 100 + 25 = 125

Question 67

Re-experiencing nightmares, hypervigilance, and avoidance **beyond one month indicate:** * A. Acute Stress Disorder * B. PTSD * C. Adjustment Disorder

Answer 67

B. PTSD ## Footnote Persistent trauma symptoms past 30 days meet criteria for PTSD.

Question 68

If a pair of tests shares 36% of variance, **which of the following could be the correlation coefficient?** * A. .60 * B. –.60 * C. Both A and B

Answer 68

C. Both A and B ## Footnote r = √.36 = .60; correlation could be positive or negative.

Question 69

A licensing exam for counselors has four domains: ethics, assessment, career, and group work. In each domain, questions start basic and progress to complex. Candidates report that after finishing one domain, the next section begins again with easier questions. **What is the advantage of this cyclical structure?** * A. It eliminates the need for standardization. * B. It allows each content area to be assessed across a range of difficulty levels independently. * C. It ensures all questions are equally difficult.

Answer 69

B. It allows each content area to be assessed across a range of difficulty levels independently. ## Footnote Cyclical design lets each content area be tested in depth without the earlier domains affecting the difficulty progression of later ones.

Question 70

After assessing suicide risk, **documentation should include:** * A. Risk formulation, consultation, rationale, and protective steps * B. Safety-plan template * C. Symptoms only

Answer 70

A. Risk formulation, consultation, rationale, and protective steps ## Footnote Ethical and legal documentation includes reasoning, collaboration, and concrete risk management actions.

Question 71

Ben and Zoe took an aptitude test (M = 50, SD = 10). Ben’s z = +1.5, Zoe’s T = 40. **On the test:** * A. Ben scored 65, Zoe scored 40. * B. Ben scored 65, Zoe scored 45. * C. Ben scored 60, Zoe scored 45.

Answer 71

A. Ben scored 65, Zoe scored 40. ## Footnote Ben: 50 + (1.5 × 10) = 65 Zoe: T = 40 → z = -1.0 → 50 - 10 = 40

Question 72

Group IQ testing in the U.S. **began with:** * A. 1905 Binet-Simon test * B. Binet’s work in France * C. Army Alpha and Beta in WWI

Answer 72

C. Army Alpha and Beta in WWI ## Footnote The Army Alpha/Beta tests were the first large-scale group IQ measures.

Question 73

A counselor concerned about possible neurological impairment might choose: **Which test?** * A. Bender-Gestalt II * B. MMPI-2 * C. TAT

Answer 73

A. Bender-Gestalt II ## Footnote The Bender-Gestalt II assesses visual-motor integration, often used in neuropsychological screening.

Question 74

An aptitude test is to an achievement test as: **What is the relationship?** * A. What has been learned is to potential * B. Potential is to what has been learned * C. Career interest is to career development

Answer 74

B. Potential is to what has been learned ## Footnote Aptitude measures potential; achievement measures current knowledge or skill mastery.

Question 75

A physics test has a mean score of 60 and a standard deviation of 10. The standard error of measurement is 3. If a student scores 70, **what range of scores would be expected on a retest about two-thirds of the time?** * A. 64 - 76 * B. 67 - 73 * C. 54 - 86

Answer 75

B. 67 - 73 ## Footnote Solution: Since the question asks for about two-thirds of the time (~68%), we use ±1 SEM: 70 ± 3=(67–73)

Question 76

The correlation between two measures is unknown, but you know they share 25% of their variance. **What is the absolute value of r?** * A. .50 * B. .25 * C. .05

Answer 76

A. .50 ## Footnote r = √.25 = .50.

Question 77

A parent reviews her child’s assessment report and sees an “82nd percentile” score. **She asks the counselor what this means. Which is the most accurate explanation?** * A. The child scored better than 82% of students in the norm group. * B. The child got 82% of the questions correct. * C. The child met 82% of the learning objectives.

Answer 77

A. The child scored better than 82% of students in the norm group. ## Footnote Percentile rank refers to the proportion of the norm group scoring lower—not percentage correct or objectives met.

Question 78

A counseling agency introduces a job performance test that correlates highly with actual job success six months later. **This demonstrates:** * A. Predictive validity * B. Concurrent validity * C. Face validity

Answer 78

A. Predictive validity ## Footnote Predictive validity evaluates how well a test forecasts future performance.

Question 79

Ethan and Chloe took a reasoning test (M = 100, SD = 20). Ethan’s z = -0.5, Chloe’s T = 60. **On the test:** * A. Ethan scored 110, Chloe scored 120. * B. Ethan scored 90, Chloe scored 120. * C. Ethan scored 95, Chloe scored 120.

Answer 79

B. Ethan scored 90, Chloe scored 120. ## Footnote Ethan: 100 - (0.5 × 20) = 90 Chloe: T = 60 → z = +1.0 → 100 + 20 = 120

Question 80

A best practice when interpreting test scores is to: **What is a best practice?** * A. Always test personally * B. Avoid generalizing from a single score * C. Avoid culture-fair tests

Answer 80

B. Avoid generalizing from a single score ## Footnote Multiple data points provide a more accurate picture than a single score.

Question 81

A counselor explains to a student that an aptitude test measures potential performance, **while an achievement test measures:** * A. Career interest * B. Current performance * C. Potential performance

Answer 81

B. Current performance ## Footnote Aptitude is predictive; achievement reflects what has already been learned or mastered.

Question 82

A client reports two weeks of low mood, anhedonia, and fatigue following job loss. **The counselor first rules out:** * A. Normal bereavement and situational response * B. Manic episode * C. Psychotic disorder

Answer 82

A. Normal bereavement and situational response ## Footnote Ethical differential diagnosis distinguishes expected situational sadness from clinical major depression.

Question 83

The MMPI-2 is best described as: **What type of test?** * A. Standardized personality inventory * B. Neurological screening * C. Projective test

Answer 83

A. Standardized personality inventory ## Footnote The MMPI-2 is a standardized measure of personality and psychopathology.

Question 84

A client scores 110 on an IQ test with a standard deviation of 15. The SEM is 3. **Which interpretation reflects both the reliability and practical meaning of this score?** * A. The client’s IQ is exactly 110 with no error. * B. The client’s true IQ likely falls between 107 and 113 about 68% of the time. * C. The client is in the gifted range.

Answer 84

B. The client’s true IQ likely falls between 107 and 113 about 68% of the time. ## Footnote The SEM indicates that the true score likely falls within ±1 SEM about 68% of the time. Saying the score is exact (A) ignores measurement error, while labeling as gifted (C) is inaccurate given the score.

Question 85

A counselor designs a creativity measure that evaluates both the ability to produce one correct solution and the ability to generate multiple unique ideas. **This approach reflects the work of:** * A. Cattell * B. Thurstone * C. Guilford

Answer 85

C. Guilford ## Footnote J.P. Guilford emphasized convergent (one answer) and divergent (many answers) thinking as key components of intelligence.

Question 86

A counselor is selecting an assessment to identify emotional regulation skills in adolescents. **The tool must provide a structured way to estimate this attribute. Which process is she engaging in?** * A. Observational analysis * B. Appraisal * C. Informal feedback

Answer 86

B. Appraisal ## Footnote Appraisal is the systematic process of assessing or estimating attributes, which fits the counselor’s purpose.

Question 87

A new instrument measures a client’s “sense of purpose.” **Which validity type is critical to confirm before using it in treatment planning?** * A. Predictive validity * B. Construct validity * C. Concurrent validity

Answer 87

B. Construct validity ## Footnote Construct validity ensures an abstract psychological concept is being accurately measured.

Question 88

A counselor is designing a school-wide mental health screening. She needs an instrument that can estimate attributes like coping skills and stress tolerance for all students. **Which selection best meets the definition of appraisal?** * A. Conducting interviews with at-risk students only. * B. Using structured questionnaires to estimate psychological attributes for the entire population. * C. Observing students in the cafeteria during lunch.

Answer 88

B. Using structured questionnaires to estimate psychological attributes for the entire population. ## Footnote Appraisal refers to systematically assessing or estimating attributes, often across a group. While observation (C) and interviews (A) can be part of the process, a structured questionnaire for all students fits the formal appraisal definition.

Question 89

Infant IQ tests are generally: **How reliable are they?** * A. More reliable than adult tests * B. Less reliable than adult tests * C. Not related to experience

Answer 89

B. Less reliable than adult tests ## Footnote Developmental changes make early IQ measures less stable over time.

Question 90

When reporting the mean of scores, **which variability measure is best to include?** * A. Range * B. Standard deviation * C. Semi-interquartile range

Answer 90

B. Standard deviation ## Footnote Standard deviation shows how scores spread around the mean.

Question 91

The best **intelligence test for a sixth-grade student is:** * A. WPPSI-IV * B. WAIS-IV * C. WISC-IV

Answer 91

C. WISC-IV ## Footnote The WISC-IV is intended for ages 6–16.

Question 92

Which correlation coefficient below indicates the **weakest relationship between two measures?** * A. –.45 * B. .22 * C. .58

Answer 92

B. .22 ## Footnote Lowest absolute value indicates weakest relationship.

Question 93

A counselor interprets a client’s MMPI-2 results by examining the overall pattern of scores rather than focusing on one scale. **This process is called:** * A. Profile analysis * B. Scatter analysis * C. Assigning a DSM-5 diagnosis directly

Answer 93

A. Profile analysis ## Footnote Profile analysis interprets the relative elevations of different MMPI scales to assess patterns of functioning.

Question 94

A contradictory trend in testing is: **What is a contradictory trend?** * A. More reliance on tests while others advocate less * B. Assigning all testing to social workers * C. Assigning all testing to psychiatrists

Answer 94

A. More reliance on tests while others advocate less ## Footnote There is debate between expanding and reducing reliance on standardized testing.

Question 95

To admit only the top 25% of applicants, set item difficulty at: **What level?** * A. .25 * B. .5 * C. 1.0

Answer 95

A. .25 ## Footnote Difficulty index of .25 means only 25% are expected to answer correctly.

Question 96

A counselor explains to a new trainee: “Reliability is about consistency. **Validity is about…”** * A. Truth * B. Inconsistency * C. Replicability

Answer 96

A. Truth ## Footnote Validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what it claims to measure—its accuracy.

Question 97

A counselor retains test protocols in a locked cabinet and limits access to authorized personnel. **This ensures:** * A. Confidentiality and professional responsibility in record handling * B. Test–retest reliability consistency * C. Increased test performance by reducing anxiety

Answer 97

A. Confidentiality and professional responsibility in record handling ## Footnote Ethical stewardship of assessment data preserves trust, privacy, and professional integrity.

Question 98

A counselor evaluates a test that accurately measures empathy. **What must be true about its reliability?** * A. It may or may not be reliable. * B. It must be reliable. * C. It is always unreliable.

Answer 98

B. It must be reliable. ## Footnote Validity requires reliability; an accurate measure must also produce consistent results.

Question 99

A client reports repetitive hand-washing to neutralize intrusive contamination fears. **The defining diagnostic feature is:** * A. Compulsion reducing anxiety * B. Simple ritualistic habit * C. Psychotic delusion

Answer 99

A. Compulsion reducing anxiety ## Footnote Compulsions serve to mitigate distress from intrusive obsessive thoughts.

Question 100

A counselor divides a standardized exam into even-numbered and odd-numbered questions, scoring each half separately. She then compares results. **This is testing:** * A. Split-half reliability * B. Alternate forms reliability * C. Inter-rater reliability

Answer 100

A. Split-half reliability ## Footnote Split-half reliability assesses internal consistency by correlating two halves of the same test.

Question 101

Items **favoring one cultural group** undermine test: * A. Fairness and validity * B. Difficulty index * C. Reliability only

Answer 101

A. Fairness and validity ## Footnote Bias compromises fairness and ethical use.

Question 102

A counselor tells a client that the SAT predicts their likelihood of succeeding in their first year of college. **This is an example of:** * A. Concurrent validity * B. Predictive validity * C. Content validity

Answer 102

B. Predictive validity ## Footnote Predictive validity is the test’s ability to forecast future outcomes, such as academic performance.

Question 103

An IQ test has an SEM of 3, and Tom scores 106. About 68% of the time, his score will fall between: **What range?** * A. 100 and 103 * B. 100 and 106 * C. 103 and 109

Answer 103

C. 103 and 109 ## Footnote 68% confidence interval = score ±1 SEM → 106 ± 3 = 103–109.

Question 104

The **standard error of measurement** helps clients understand that test results: * A. Represent categorical rank * B. Reflect precise trait measurement * C. Fall within a confidence range around the observed score

Answer 104

C. Fall within a confidence range around the observed score ## Footnote The SEM expresses expected score fluctuation, clarifying that results are estimates, not absolutes.

Question 105

Which of the following correlations indicates the **strongest relationship?** * A. –.55 * B. .67 * C. –.81

Answer 105

C. –.81 ## Footnote Strength is based on absolute value; –.81 is strongest.

Question 106

An HR manager uses a test to hire engineers. **What is the minimum acceptable reliability coefficient for high-stakes decisions?** * A. .20 * B. .55 * C. .80

Answer 106

C. .80 ## Footnote For employment decisions, a reliability of .80 or higher is generally acceptable.

Question 107

If two forms of a math test have 81% of variance in common, **what is the correlation?** * A. .81 * B. .09 * C. .90 or –.90

Answer 107

C. .90 or –.90 ## Footnote r = √.81 = .90 (sign depends on direction of relationship).

Question 108

If the correlation between two tests measuring problem-solving ability is 0.90, **what percentage of variance is explained by the correlation?** * A. 81% * B. 70% * C. 10%

Answer 108

A. 81% ## Footnote The percentage of variance explained is the square of the correlation coefficient (r = 0.90). Squaring 0.90 gives 0.81, or 81% of the variance is explained by the correlation. The remaining variance is 100% - 81% = 19%.

Question 109

A limitation of many interest inventories is that they: **What is a limitation?** * A. Contain too few questions * B. Focus heavily on professional jobs and overlook blue-collar roles * C. Require advanced reading skills

Answer 109

B. Focus heavily on professional jobs and overlook blue-collar roles ## Footnote Many inventories emphasize professional careers, reducing relevance for those pursuing skilled trades.

Question 110

Two tests share 49% of their variance. **What is the correlation between them?** * A. .49 * B. .70 * C. .50

Answer 110

B. .70 ## Footnote Shared variance = r² → r = √.49 = .70

Question 111

A counselor begins analyzing a large set of test scores. **Which is the most accepted starting point?** * A. Central tendency * B. Frequency distribution * C. Variability

Answer 111

B. Frequency distribution ## Footnote Frequency distribution is a common first step before summarizing data.

Question 112

The first widely used intelligence test was created to identify French schoolchildren needing academic help. **Who developed it?** * A. Wechsler * B. Guilford * C. Binet and Simon

Answer 112

C. Binet and Simon ## Footnote Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon developed the first practical IQ test in 1905.

Question 113

A counselor uses test-retest reliability and finds a correlation of .70 between the first and second administrations. **What is the shared variance?** * A. 70% * B. 49% * C. 30%

Answer 113

B. 49% ## Footnote Shared variance is the square of the correlation: (.70)² = .49, or 49%.

Question 114

High score consistency across two testing sessions **indicates strong:** * A. Test–retest reliability * B. Construct validity * C. Interrater reliability

Answer 114

A. Test–retest reliability ## Footnote Temporal consistency reveals measurement stability.

Question 115

A client reports chronic instability in self-image and relationships, impulsivity, and intense fear of abandonment. **The most consistent diagnosis is:** * A. Histrionic Personality Disorder * B. Borderline Personality Disorder * C. Dependent Personality Disorder

Answer 115

B. Borderline Personality Disorder ## Footnote Emotional volatility, identity disturbance, and unstable attachments are hallmarks of Borderline Personality Disorder.

Question 116

A **limitation of percentile ranks** is that they: * A. Are invalid across cultures * B. Lack equal intervals across the scale * C. Cannot be normed

Answer 116

B. Lack equal intervals across the scale ## Footnote Percentile ranks compress the middle of the distribution and exaggerate extremes, making intervals unequal.

Question 117

Two different intelligence tests are given to the same group of students. **The correlation between the two tests is .70. This means:** * A. The tests measure exactly the same abilities. * B. 49% of the variance is shared between the two tests. * C. The reliability of the tests is 70%.

Answer 117

B. 49% of the variance is shared between the two tests ## Footnote Shared variance = r² (.70)² = .49 → 49% of variance in common

Question 118

A weak correlation between similar tests **indicates low:** * A. Convergent validity * B. Face validity * C. Predictive reliability

Answer 118

A. Convergent validity ## Footnote Low correlation signals poor convergence among related measures.

Question 119

A new counseling skills test produces scores that match almost exactly with established measures of the same skills. **This reflects:** * A. Concurrent validity * B. Construct validity * C. Predictive validity

Answer 119

A. Concurrent validity ## Footnote Concurrent validity means the new test correlates strongly with other validated tests given at the same time.

Question 120

Ella and James took a reading comprehension exam. The exam has a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 5. Ella’s score corresponds to a z-score of +1.5, and James’s score corresponds to a T-score of 45. **On the test:** * A. Ella scored 82.5 and James scored 72.5. * B. Ella scored 80 and James scored 70. * C. Ella scored 82.5 and James scored 70.

Answer 120

A. Ella scored 82.5 and James scored 72.5. ## Footnote Ella: 75 + (1.5 × 5) = 82.5 James: T = 45 → z = -0.5 → 75 + (-0.5 × 5) = 72.5

Question 121

A study finds that the correlation between two tests measuring problem-solving ability is 0.80. **What percentage of variance is not explained by the correlation?** * A. 16% * B. 64% * C. 20%

Answer 121

C. 20% ## Footnote The percentage of variance explained is the square of the correlation coefficient (r = 0.80). Squaring 0.80 gives 0.64, or 64% of the variance being explained. The remaining variance (unexplained) is 100% - 64% = 20%.

Question 122

Differentiating Prolonged Grief Disorder from Major Depression **relies most on:** * A. Appetite and sleep changes * B. Persistent yearning and identity disruption beyond cultural norms * C. Hopelessness only

Answer 122

B. Persistent yearning and identity disruption beyond cultural norms ## Footnote Prolonged grief focuses on yearning, loss of identity, and duration beyond cultural expectations, not vegetative symptoms.

Question 123

An English exam has a mean score of 72, a standard deviation of 9, and a standard error of measurement of 3. If a student scores 78, **what range of scores would be expected on a retest about 95% of the time?** * A. 72 - 84 * B. 75 - 81 * C. 66 - 90

Answer 123

A. 72 - 84 ## Footnote Solution: For 95% of the time, we use ±2 SEM: 78 ± (2 × 3) = 78 ± 6 = (72 – 84)

Question 124

A counselor needs to measure both verbal and performance abilities in a 22-year-old male client. **The most suitable test is:** * A. WAIS-IV * B. WISC-IV * C. WPPSI-IV

Answer 124

A. WAIS-IV ## Footnote The WAIS-IV is appropriate for adults and includes verbal and performance components.

Question 125

Which **test property** ensures that results remain stable when re-administered later? * A. Reliability * B. Standardization * C. Validity

Answer 125

A. Reliability ## Footnote Reliability measures temporal consistency of an instrument.

Question 126

A counselor shortens a reliable test because clients find it too long. **What is the most likely impact on reliability?** * A. Increase slightly * B. Decrease * C. Increase by 10 points or more

Answer 126

B. Decrease ## Footnote Shortening a test generally decreases reliability because fewer items reduce measurement stability.

Question 127

A client reports alternating periods of high energy and prolonged low mood. **The counselor’s documentation should reflect:** * A. Mood-cycle patterning and impairment severity * B. Simple notation of “mood swings” * C. Primary anxiety disorder

Answer 127

A. Mood-cycle patterning and impairment severity ## Footnote Accurate diagnosis depends on charting polarity, duration, and functional disruption.

Question 128

Most counselors agree that public education efforts should focus on: **What should they focus on?** * A. More preschool IQ testing * B. More teacher-administered personality tests * C. Educating the public on testing

Answer 128

C. Educating the public on testing ## Footnote Increasing public understanding of testing can reduce misuse and misinterpretation.

Question 129

Two similar assessments correlate at .80, **implying:** * A. Low reliability * B. Different constructs * C. 64% shared variance

Answer 129

C. 64% shared variance ## Footnote Squaring r shows shared variance, confirming related constructs.

Question 130

A counselor is evaluating a new standardized achievement test for use in a diverse high school. The test has strong predictive validity for college GPA but shows lower performance scores among students from non-English-speaking backgrounds. **Which action best addresses both validity and fairness concerns?** * A. Continue using the test because it has predictive validity. * B. Modify the test format and language to reduce cultural loading before further use. * C. Switch to an ipsative measure to avoid cultural bias.

Answer 130

B. Modify the test format and language to reduce cultural loading before further use. ## Footnote While predictive validity is important, fairness is also crucial. Cultural bias can lower scores for non-English speakers, so revising the test to minimize cultural loading supports both validity and ethical standards. Ipsative measures (C) are not comparable across individuals, and eliminating all tests.

Question 131

Two measures of self-efficacy demonstrate a positive relationship with 36% shared variance. **Which correlation coefficient below is most consistent with this finding?** * A. .36 * B. .60 * C. –.60

Answer 131

B. .60 ## Footnote √.36 = .60; could be positive or negative, but with absolute value .60.

Question 132

A client’s WAIS-IV shows significantly higher Verbal IQ than Performance IQ. **Which interpretation is most likely?** * A. Antisocial tendencies * B. Educational deficits * C. Neurological impairment

Answer 132

C. Neurological impairment ## Footnote A large discrepancy can indicate neurological issues, though context is needed.

Question 133

A college student uses alcohol to manage panic episodes. **The counselor considers:** * A. Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder * B. Dual Diagnosis—Anxiety Disorder with Alcohol Use Disorder * C. Adjustment Disorder

Answer 133

B. Dual Diagnosis—Anxiety Disorder with Alcohol Use Disorder ## Footnote Both conditions exist independently; treatment must integrate substance and anxiety management.

Question 134

A history exam has a mean score of 85 and a standard deviation of 12. The standard error of measurement is 4. If a student scores 90, **what range of scores would be expected on a retest about 95% of the time?** * A. 82 - 98 * B. 86 - 94 * C. 78 - 102

Answer 134

A. 82–98 ## Footnote Solution: Since the question asks for about 95% of the time, we use ±2 SEM: 90 ± (2 × 4) = 90 ± 8 = (82 – 98)

Question 135

Seventeen counselors use the same new projective test with one client and arrive at nearly identical conclusions. **What does this indicate?** * A. Validity * B. Reliability * C. Cultural fairness

Answer 135

B. Reliability ## Footnote Agreement among raters reflects inter-rater reliability.

Question 136

A client reports panic attacks limited to crowded situations with avoidance of public places. **This presentation suggests:** * A. Social Anxiety Disorder * B. Agoraphobia * C. Specific Phobia

Answer 136

B. Agoraphobia ## Footnote Fear of being unable to escape or obtain help defines Agoraphobia.

Question 137

A counselor unsure whether a test fits their client population should first: **What should they do?** * A. Ask a graduate program * B. Contact the test’s author * C. Read the test manual

Answer 137

C. Read the test manual ## Footnote The test manual specifies intended populations and administration guidelines.

Question 138

An individual experiences social withdrawal, flat affect, and limited speech for 8 months. **The counselor suspects:** * A. Brief Psychotic Disorder * B. Schizophreniform Disorder * C. Schizophrenia

Answer 138

C. Schizophrenia ## Footnote Duration exceeding 6 months meets criteria for Schizophrenia.

Question 139

A counselor uses a career inventory designed for adolescents with an older adult client. **The main concern is:** * A. Lack of interrater reliability * B. Appropriateness of norms and developmental relevance * C. Violation of scoring confidentiality

Answer 139

B. Appropriateness of norms and developmental relevance ## Footnote Tests must match population norms; developmental misfit invalidates interpretation.

Question 140

A school psychologist is preparing to assess a 5-year-old for possible gifted education placement. She wants to confirm whether a commercially available IQ test has strong validity evidence for that age group. **Which resource would provide the most comprehensive critical review of the test?** * A. Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing * B. Tests in Print * C. Mental Measurements Yearbook

Answer 140

C. Mental Measurements Yearbook ## Footnote The Mental Measurements Yearbook contains professional reviews and technical validity data, making it the best resource for evaluating an instrument before use.

Question 141

An exam prep company designs a counseling theory test with three sections: human development, counseling skills, and ethics. Each section starts with recall questions, then moves to application and synthesis items. Students who struggle in one section still find the start of the next section approachable. **Which test structure does this illustrate?** * A. Spiral test * B. Cyclical test * C. Adaptive test

Answer 141

B. Cyclical test ## Footnote The hallmark of a cyclical test is repeating cycles of increasing difficulty in each new section. Spiral tests only have one continuous progression without resetting difficulty.

Question 142

A client’s z-score of +1.0 **indicates performance:** * A. Two standard deviations above the mean * B. At the 50th percentile * C. One standard deviation above the mean (about the 84th percentile)

Answer 142

C. One standard deviation above the mean (about the 84th percentile) ## Footnote A z-score of +1 represents a score one standard deviation above the mean, placing the individual near the 84th percentile.

Question 143

Sophie and Noah took the same standardized test. The test has a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 10. Sophie’s score corresponds to a z-score of 0, and Noah’s score corresponds to a T-score of 60. **On the test:** * A. Sophie scored 80 and Noah scored 90. * B. Sophie scored 70 and Noah scored 85. * C. Sophie scored 80 and Noah scored 100.

Answer 143

A. Sophie scored 80 and Noah scored 90. ## Footnote Sophie: z = 0 → 80 + (0 × 10) = 80 Noah: T = 60 → z = +1.0 → 80 + (1 × 10) = 90

Question 144

A counselor uses both discriminant and convergent validation studies when developing a new assessment. **These methods establish:** * A. Criterion-related validity * B. Construct validity * C. Differential validity

Answer 144

B. Construct validity ## Footnote Construct validity includes convergent and discriminant evidence to confirm a test measures its intended construct.

Question 145

A client reports alternating periods of elevated mood and deep depression lasting months. **The most likely diagnosis is:** * A. Cyclothymic Disorder * B. Bipolar II Disorder * C. Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 145

B. Bipolar II Disorder ## Footnote Recurrent hypomanic and depressive episodes define Bipolar II patterns.

Question 146

Persistent worry, restlessness, and muscle tension across contexts **best describe:** * A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder * B. Panic Disorder * C. Adjustment Disorder

Answer 146

A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder ## Footnote Excessive, pervasive anxiety lasting ≥ 6 months defines GAD.

Question 147

Mary scores 110 on a 150-item test (mean = 100, SD = 10, reliability = .84). **What is the 68% confidence interval for her true score?** * A. 106–114 * B. 90–130 * C. 92–108

Answer 147

A. 106–114 ## Footnote SEM = SD × √(1 – r) = 10 × √(.16) = 4; CI = 110 ± 4.

Question 148

A high school student takes a career interest inventory twice, six months apart. **The counselor notes that the results are consistent, even though the student’s experiences have changed. What does this demonstrate?** * A. The test’s predictive validity * B. The test’s test-retest reliability * C. The test’s internal consistency

Answer 148

B. The test’s test-retest reliability ## Footnote Consistent results over time with the same instrument indicate strong test-retest reliability, even when external factors may have changed.

Question 149

A client with Schizophrenia presents with significant depressive symptoms outside psychotic episodes. T**he likely diagnosis is:** * A. Major Depressive Disorder * B. Schizoaffective Disorder * C. Bipolar I Disorder

Answer 149

B. Schizoaffective Disorder ## Footnote Schizoaffective involves mood symptoms concurrent with, and separate from, psychotic features.

Question 150

A counselor compares scores from two alternate forms of an aptitude assessment and finds a correlation coefficient of .82. **Which of the following best represents the proportion of shared variance between the two forms?** * A. 67% * B. 82% * C. 67.24%

Answer 150

C. 67.24% ## Footnote Shared variance = r² (.82)² = .6724 → 67.24% shared variance

Question 151

A client persistently seeks reassurance, avoids decision-making, and fears disapproval. **This pattern aligns with:** * A. Avoidant Personality Disorder * B. Dependent Personality Disorder * C. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Answer 151

B. Dependent Personality Disorder ## Footnote Dependence and fear of abandonment define Dependent Personality Disorder.

Question 152

A client with chronic pain takes escalating opioids, showing tolerance and withdrawal. **The diagnosis is:** * A. Substance Use Disorder, Moderate * B. Somatic Symptom Disorder * C. Persistent Depressive Disorder

Answer 152

A. Substance Use Disorder, Moderate ## Footnote Compulsive use, tolerance, and withdrawal signify Substance Use Disorder.

Question 153

A researcher believes intelligence is normally distributed like height and largely determined by genetics. **Which historical figure’s view does this reflect?** * A. Galton * B. Guilford * C. Williamson

Answer 153

A. Galton ## Footnote Sir Francis Galton held that intelligence was hereditary and normally distributed, similar to physical traits.

Question 154

A client exhibits grandiosity, exploitation, and lack of empathy. **This presentation most likely indicates:** * A. Narcissistic Personality Disorder * B. Antisocial Personality Disorder * C. Histrionic Personality Disorder

Answer 154

A. Narcissistic Personality Disorder ## Footnote Narcissistic traits include inflated self-importance and diminished empathy.

Question 155

Test bias most often results from: **What causes it?** * A. A test being normed on only one demographic group * B. Using projective measures * C. Scoring by inexperienced raters

Answer 155

A. A test being normed on only one demographic group ## Footnote Lack of representative norming populations can lead to biased results.

Question 156

In a projective test, the client is presented with: **What type of stimuli?** * A. Highly emotional stimuli * B. Reward-based prompts * C. Neutral, ambiguous stimuli

Answer 156

C. Neutral, ambiguous stimuli ## Footnote Projective measures use ambiguous stimuli to encourage projection of inner thoughts and feelings.

Question 157

Carlos and Mia took a logic assessment. The mean was 120 and the standard deviation was 20. Carlos had a z-score of -1.0, and Mia had a T-score of 50. **On the test:** * A. Carlos scored 100 and Mia scored 120. * B. Carlos scored 100 and Mia scored 110. * C. Carlos scored 120 and Mia scored 130.

Answer 157

A. Carlos scored 100 and Mia scored 120. ## Footnote Carlos: 120 + (-1.0 × 20) = 100 Mia: T = 50 → z = 0 → 120 + 0 = 120

Question 158

A counselor wants to estimate the gap between a predicted job performance score and the employee’s actual score. **She should use:** * A. Probability estimate formula * B. Correction for attenuation * C. Standard error of the estimate

Answer 158

C. Standard error of the estimate ## Footnote The standard error of the estimate reflects accuracy in predicting criterion scores from predictor scores.

Question 159

Before administering a psychological inventory, **a counselor must ensure:** * A. Client consent and understanding of test purpose and use * B. Use of a single measure for major decisions * C. Access to raw data by all family members

Answer 159

A. Client consent and understanding of test purpose and use ## Footnote Ethical testing begins with transparency and informed consent regarding purpose and limits.

Question 160

If the correlation between two problem-solving ability tests is 0.65, **what percentage of the variance is unexplained?** * A. 65% * B. 58% * C. 35%

Answer 160

B. 58% ## Footnote The percentage of variance explained is the square of the correlation coefficient (r = 0.65). Squaring 0.65 gives 0.4225, or 42.25% of the variance is explained by the correlation. The remaining variance is 100% - 42.25% = 57.75% (rounding to 58%).

Question 161

When two forms of an exam yield consistent results, **the measure demonstrates:** * A. Predictive validity * B. Alternate-form reliability * C. Internal consistency

Answer 161

B. Alternate-form reliability ## Footnote Equivalent-form reliability reflects stability across versions measuring the same construct.

Question 162

A client describes sudden, recurrent panic with chest tightness and fear of dying. **The counselor’s next step is to:** * A. Rule out medical conditions before confirming a mental-health diagnosis * B. Assign a panic-disorder code immediately * C. Begin exposure therapy without assessment

Answer 162

A. Rule out medical conditions before confirming a mental-health diagnosis ## Footnote Ethical diagnosis requires ruling out physiological causes prior to labeling anxiety disorders.

Question 163

A test is developed to measure intelligence. **Which term correctly describes the score expressed as a ratio of mental age to chronological age times 100?** * A. Intelligence quotient * B. Standard score * C. Z-score

Answer 163

A. Intelligence quotient ## Footnote IQ = (Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100 in the original formula.

Question 164

A counselor **defines validity to a peer as:** * A. Standard error of estimate for a person’s score * B. Degree to which scores can be generalized for the same inference across tests * C. Measurement error accounted for in correlation

Answer 164

B. Degree to which scores can be generalized for the same inference across tests ## Footnote Validity concerns whether a score supports the same interpretation across measures.

Question 165

Standard scores are measured on **which type of scale?** * A. Interval * B. Ratio * C. Nominal

Answer 165

A. Interval ## Footnote Standard scores have equal intervals and an arbitrary zero, fitting interval scale definition.

Question 166

Why did the **Wechsler IQ tests gain popularity over the Binet for adults?** * A. Group administration * B. Better for older populations * C. Focused on women’s strengths

Answer 166

B. Better for older populations ## Footnote The Wechsler scales were better suited for adults than the Binet, which was more child-focused.

Question 167

In a culture-fair test: **What is true?** * A. Items are familiar to all examinees regardless of culture * B. Test is not standardized * C. Culture-free items cannot be used

Answer 167

A. Items are familiar to all examinees regardless of culture ## Footnote Culture-fair tests minimize language and cultural content to reduce bias.

Question 168

A client takes two different career inventories, both measuring similar constructs, but with different item sets. **The results are nearly identical. This provides the strongest evidence for which psychometric property?** * A. Face validity * B. Equivalent forms reliability * C. Predictive validity

Answer 168

B. Equivalent forms reliability ## Footnote Equivalent (or alternate) forms reliability involves administering different versions of the same test to the same group and correlating the results. Similar results suggest strong reliability.

Question 169

A child repeatedly refuses school, fearing separation from a caregiver. **The most consistent diagnosis is:** * A. Specific Phobia * B. Separation Anxiety Disorder * C. Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 169

B. Separation Anxiety Disorder ## Footnote Developmentally inappropriate distress upon separation marks SAD.

Question 170

An industrial-organizational psychologist gives a sales aptitude test to all employees in a call center. Chester has a Z-score of +1.0, Timothy scores 90, Beverly scores a T-score of 70, and Kim scores 70 (raw). The mean is 100, SD = 10, normal distribution. **Who performed worst and who performed best?** * A. Beverly; Timothy * B. Kim; Chester * C. Kim; Beverly

Answer 170

C. Kim; Beverly ## Footnote Beverly’s T-score of 70 is 2 SDs above the mean (best). Kim’s raw score of 70 is 3 SDs below the mean (worst).

Question 171

A counselor finds a correlation of –.78 between test anxiety and exam performance. **Which conclusion is most consistent with this finding?** * A. Higher anxiety is associated with lower performance. * B. Higher anxiety is associated with higher performance. * C. The relationship is too weak to interpret.

Answer 171

A. Higher anxiety is associated with lower performance ## Footnote Strong negative correlation means as anxiety increases, performance decreases.

Question 172

A WAIS-IV is administered to a large random sample of U.S. adults. **What percentage is expected to score between 85 and 115?** * A. 68% * B. 50% * C. 34%

Answer 172

A. 68% ## Footnote ±1 SD in a normal distribution includes about 68% of scores.

Question 173

A teen presents with at least six months of inattention, impulsivity, and difficulty sustaining tasks across settings. **These symptoms suggest:** * A. A neurodevelopmental pattern requiring comprehensive evaluation * B. Normal adolescent variability * C. Adjustment disorder

Answer 173

A. A neurodevelopmental pattern requiring comprehensive evaluation ## Footnote Persistence across contexts indicates a probable ADHD spectrum, not situational stress.

Question 174

A hiring manager uses a skills test that closely mirrors real job duties. New hires who scored well perform strongly on the job. **This indicates the test has:** * A. High face validity * B. High content validity * C. High predictive validity

Answer 174

C. High predictive validity ## Footnote The ability to predict actual future job performance reflects predictive (criterion-related) validity.

Question 175

In a study that examines problem-solving ability using two tests with a correlation of 0.70, **which of the following describes the total variance in test scores?** * A. 49% is explained by the correlation, and 51% is unexplained. * B. 70% is explained by the correlation, and 30% is unexplained. * C. 51% is explained by the correlation, and 49% is unexplained.

Answer 175

A. 49% is explained by the correlation, and 51% is unexplained ## Footnote The percentage of variance explained is the square of the correlation (0.70), which equals 49%. Therefore, the remaining 51% of the variance is not explained by the correlation.

Question 176

A researcher correlates two alternate forms of an achievement test and finds r = .80. **What percentage of score variance is due to true score variance?** * A. 64% * B. 80% * C. 20%

Answer 176

A. 64% ## Footnote True variance = r² = (.80)² = .64 or 64%.

Question 177

The Black-White IQ controversy was sparked by a 1969 article by: **Who?** * A. Ertl * B. Cattell * C. Jensen

Answer 177

C. Jensen ## Footnote Arthur Jensen questioned causes of group differences in IQ scores.

Question 178

A child exposed to violence replays scenes during play and shows exaggerated startle response for 2 weeks. **This suggests:** * A. PTSD * B. Acute Stress Disorder * C. Adjustment Disorder

Answer 178

B. Acute Stress Disorder ## Footnote Duration under one month following trauma indicates Acute Stress Disorder.

Question 179

The current **Stanford-Binet IQ test is classified as:** * A. Nonstandardized * B. Standardized * C. Projective

Answer 179

B. Standardized ## Footnote It is a standardized measure with consistent administration and scoring procedures.

Question 180

Henry and Olivia took the same aptitude test. The test has a mean of 90 and a standard deviation of 10. Henry’s score corresponds to a z-score of 0.5, and Olivia’s corresponds to a T-score of 35. **On the test:** * A. Henry scored 95 and Olivia scored 85. * B. Henry scored 95 and Olivia scored 75. * C. Henry scored 100 and Olivia scored 70.

Answer 180

B. Henry scored 95 and Olivia scored 75. ## Footnote Henry: 90 + (0.5 × 10) = 95 Olivia: T = 35 → z = -1.5 → 90 + (-1.5 × 10) = 75

Question 181

A counselor administers a test that consistently produces the same scores for clients, but the scores do not reflect the actual trait it is supposed to measure. **This test is:** * A. Reliable but not valid * B. Valid but not reliable * C. Neither reliable nor valid

Answer 181

A. Reliable but not valid ## Footnote Reliability refers to consistency, while validity refers to accuracy. A test can be consistent but still measure the wrong construct.

Question 182

Liam and Ava took the same cognitive reasoning test. The test has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Liam’s score corresponds to a z-score of +1.0, while Ava’s score corresponds to a T-score of 40. **On the test:** * A. Liam scored 115 and Ava scored 85. * B. Liam scored 110 and Ava scored 90. * C. Liam scored 115 and Ava scored 90.

Answer 182

A. Liam scored 115 and Ava scored 85. ## Footnote Liam: 100 + (1.0 × 15) = 115 Ava: T = 40 → z = -1.0 → 100 + (-1 × 15) = 85

Question 183

A parent asks the counselor, “My child’s test report says she’s at the 82nd percentile. **What does that actually mean?”** * A. “She performed better than 82% of students in the norm group.” * B. “She answered 82% of the questions correctly.” * C. “She met 82% of the learning objectives.”

Answer 183

A. “She performed better than 82% of students in the norm group.” ## Footnote Percentile rank reflects the percentage of norm group members who scored lower, not the percentage correct.

Question 184

In **Binet’s method**, a task for 9-year-olds would be one that: * A. Only 10-year-olds could answer * B. Only 8-year-olds could answer * C. 50% of 9-year-olds answer correctly

Answer 184

C. 50% of 9-year-olds answer correctly ## Footnote Age-level tasks are those that 50% of children of that age can perform.

Question 185

A counselor is reviewing a test designed to measure coping resilience. She wants to ensure it measures only the intended construct and not unrelated traits. **Which type of validity is she evaluating?** * A. Face validity * B. Construct validity * C. Content validity

Answer 185

B. Construct validity ## Footnote Construct validity assesses whether a test truly measures the theoretical trait it claims to measure, such as resilience.

Question 186

The 16PF personality inventory reflects the work of: **Who?** * A. Raymond Cattell * B. Carl Jung * C. James Cattell

Answer 186

A. Raymond Cattell ## Footnote Raymond Cattell developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire.

Question 187

A counselor is reviewing the relationship between reliability and validity for a new career interest inventory. The test has low reliability. **Which conclusion is accurate?** * A. Low reliability means low validity. * B. Low reliability means high validity. * C. Reliability and validity are unrelated.

Answer 187

A. Low reliability means low validity. ## Footnote Reliability is a prerequisite for validity; an unstable measure cannot be valid.

Question 188

An informal method of appraisal would be: **What is an example?** * A. IQ testing * B. Standardized personality test * C. Behavioral checklist

Answer 188

C. Behavioral checklist ## Footnote Checklists are informal, nonstandardized appraisal tools.

Question 189

To reduce response set bias, a counselor considers multiple strategies. **Which is least effective?** * A. Forced-choice format * B. Having fewer negative than positive statements * C. Ensuring anonymity

Answer 189

B. Having fewer negative than positive statements ## Footnote Imbalanced item wording can worsen bias rather than reduce it.

Question 190

Two different depression inventories are given to a client in the same session, and the results are highly correlated. **This is evidence of:** * A. Concurrent validity * B. Predictive validity * C. Face validity

Answer 190

A. Concurrent validity ## Footnote Concurrent validity is shown when scores on different tests measuring the same construct correlate closely when administered at the same time.

Question 191

Which test is most appropriate for **assessing a 22-year-old male’s intelligence?** * A. WPPSI-IV * B. WAIS-IV * C. WISC-IV

Answer 191

B. WAIS-IV ## Footnote The WAIS-IV is the adult Wechsler test, appropriate for ages 16 and up.

Question 192

An HR manager administers a sales aptitude test (mean = 100, SD = 10) to employees. Chester has a Z = +1.0, Timothy scores 90, Beverly has a T = 70, and Kim scores 70 raw. **Who scored the lowest, and who scored the highest?** * A. Beverly; Timothy * B. Kim; Beverly * C. Timothy; Beverly

Answer 192

B. Kim; Beverly ## Footnote Beverly’s T-score of 70 = +2 SD (highest); Kim’s raw 70 is 3 SD below mean (lowest).

Question 193

On a criterion-referenced reading test, a student scores 83. **Which is the most accurate interpretation?** * A. Better than 83% of test-takers * B. Correctly answered 83 questions * C. Mastered 83% of the content objectives

Answer 193

C. Mastered 83% of the content objectives ## Footnote Criterion-referenced scores reflect mastery of specified content, not comparison to others.

Question 194

Using the original IQ formula, a child with a mental age of 12 and a chronological age of 10 **would have an IQ of:** * A. 120 * B. 80 * C. 100

Answer 194

A. 120 ## Footnote IQ = (MA ÷ CA) × 100 → (12 ÷ 10) × 100 = 120.

Question 195

A counselor is reviewing two licensure exams: the NCE and a projective personality test. She notices the NCE uses multiple-choice questions with one correct answer per item. **Which classification best fits the NCE?** * A. Free-response format * B. Forced-choice format * C. Projective format

Answer 195

B. Forced-choice format ## Footnote Forced-choice tests require the test-taker to choose from limited, fixed options. The NCE is multiple-choice, making it a forced-choice instrument, unlike projective or ipsative measures.

Question 196

If the correlation between two forms of a vocational aptitude test is .60, **what does this tell us?** * A. They share 36% of their variance. * B. They share 60% of their variance. * C. They share 40% of their variance.

Answer 196

A. They share 36% of their variance ## Footnote Shared variance = r² (.60)² = .36 → 36% shared variance

Question 197

A chemistry test has a mean score of 50, a standard deviation of 6, and a standard error of measurement of 2. If a student scores 55, **what range of scores would be expected on a retest about two-thirds of the time?** * A. 51 - 59 * B. 53 - 57 * C. 47 - 63

Answer 197

B. 53 - 57 ## Footnote Solution: For two-thirds of the time (~68%), we use ±1 SEM: 55 ± 2 = (53 – 57)

Question 198

Jim’s score is 56, mean = 64, SEM = 4. **If he retakes the test twice more, his scores will likely fall within which range 68% of the time?** * A. 60–68 * B. 61–67 * C. 52–60

Answer 198

C. 52–60 ## Footnote 56 ± 4 SEM = 52–60 for a 68% confidence interval.

Question 199

A counselor is working with a nonprofit organization to select an assessment tool for adults seeking vocational rehabilitation. **The agency needs a test that measures the clients’ maximum performance without being influenced by time constraints. Which type of test should the counselor recommend?** * A. Speed test * B. Power test * C. Ipsative test

Answer 199

B. Power test ## Footnote Power tests allow unlimited time and assess depth of ability or knowledge, unlike speed tests that measure how quickly tasks are completed.

Question 200

A client forgets personal identity following trauma, traveling to a new city under another name. **This suggests:** * A. Depersonalization Disorder * B. Dissociative Fugue * C. Acute Stress Disorder

Answer 200

B. Dissociative Fugue ## Footnote Fugue involves sudden travel and identity alteration after trauma.

Question 201

A client with excessive worry, poor concentration, and mild irritability denies panic attacks or phobias. **The most appropriate diagnosis is:** * A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder * B. Panic Disorder * C. Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 201

A. Generalized Anxiety Disorder ## Footnote Chronic, diffuse anxiety without specific triggers characterizes GAD.

Question 202

A vocational rehabilitation counselor wants to know which personal variables are not significantly correlated with mental ability test scores. **Based on research, which factor would be least likely to have a significant relationship?** * A. Race * B. Attitude toward IQ testing * C. Birth order

Answer 202

B. Attitude toward IQ testing ## Footnote Research consistently shows strong correlations between mental ability scores and socioeconomic status, moderate ones with race, and negligible with attitudes toward testing.

Question 203

Grace and Elijah took a reading test (M = 75, SD = 15). Grace’s z = +0.5, Elijah’s T = 45. **On the test:** * A. Grace scored 82.5, Elijah scored 67.5 * B. Grace scored 80, Elijah scored 60 * C. Grace scored 82.5, Elijah scored 75

Answer 203

A. Grace scored 82.5, Elijah scored 67.5 ## Footnote Grace: 75 + (0.5 × 15) = 82.5 Elijah: T = 45 → z = -0.5 → 75 - 7.5 = 67.5

Question 204

A client reports recurrent physical complaints without medical cause, persisting despite reassurance. **The counselor considers:** * A. Somatic Symptom Disorder * B. Illness Anxiety Disorder * C. Conversion Disorder

Answer 204

A. Somatic Symptom Disorder ## Footnote Persistent physical symptoms with disproportionate distress reflect Somatic Symptom Disorder.

Question 205

The Thematic Apperception Test uses: **What does it use?** * A. Inkblots * B. Pictures * C. Verbal analogies

Answer 205

B. Pictures ## Footnote The TAT presents ambiguous pictures for storytelling to reveal underlying motives.

Question 206

A researcher finds that a stress inventory has a reliability coefficient of .70. **How should this be interpreted?** * A. 70% of the score variance is accurate measurement. * B. The test is invalid. * C. Only 70% of examinees scored accurately.

Answer 206

A. 70% of the score variance is accurate measurement. ## Footnote A coefficient of .70 means 70% true variance and 30% measurement error.

Question 207

A researcher finds that the correlation between two tests measuring problem-solving ability is 0.70. **What is the proportion of variance that is not shared between the tests?** * A. 49% * B. 51% * C. 70%

Answer 207

B. 51% ## Footnote The shared variance between the two tests is the square of the correlation coefficient (r = 0.70), which is 0.49 or 49%. The remaining 51% is the unexplained variance.

Question 208

Isabella and Mason took the same cognitive test (M = 60, SD = 6). Isabella’s z = +2.0, Mason’s T = 50. **On the test:** * A. Isabella scored 66, Mason scored 60. * B. Isabella scored 72, Mason scored 60. * C. Isabella scored 72, Mason scored 66.

Answer 208

B. Isabella scored 72, Mason scored 60. ## Footnote Isabella: 60 + (2 × 6) = 72 Mason: T = 50 → z = 0 → score = 60

Question 209

A career test has a criterion-related validity coefficient of .80. **What percentage of variance in job performance is explained by test scores?** * A. 36% * B. 64% * C. 80%

Answer 209

B. 64% ## Footnote Explained variance = r² = (.80)² = .64 = 64%.

Question 210

A school psychologist is assessing a 5-year-old for possible gifted placement. She wants to verify the validity evidence of a widely used intelligence test before administering it. **Which resource will give her the most comprehensive, critical reviews of the test?** * A. Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing * B. Tests in Print * C. Mental Measurements Yearbook

Answer 210

C. Mental Measurements Yearbook ## Footnote The Mental Measurements Yearbook provides professional reviews and validity data, which is essential before using a standardized test for high-stakes decisions.

Question 211

Two different versions of an aptitude test are given to the same group, and the results are nearly identical. **Which property does this support?** * A. Alternate forms reliability * B. Face validity * C. Standard error of measurement

Answer 211

A. Alternate forms reliability ## Footnote Alternate forms reliability assesses consistency between different but equivalent versions of the same test.

Question 212

A counselor is selecting a standardized IQ test for a 6-year-old. **Which is the most appropriate choice?** * A. WAIS-IV * B. WISC-IV * C. WPPSI-IV

Answer 212

C. WPPSI-IV ## Footnote The WPPSI-IV is designed for children aged 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months.

Question 213

A client avoids elevators, stairwells, and crowded buildings but functions well otherwise. **This presentation aligns with:** * A. Specific phobia, situational type * B. Generalized anxiety disorder * C. Social anxiety disorder

Answer 213

A. Specific phobia, situational type ## Footnote Circumscribed avoidance tied to discrete cues defines specific phobia.

Question 214

Olivia and Lucas took an intelligence test (M = 110, SD = 10). Olivia’s z = -1.0, Lucas’s T = 70. **On the test:** * A. Olivia scored 100, Lucas scored 120 * B. Olivia scored 100, Lucas scored 130 * C. Olivia scored 105, Lucas scored 120

Answer 214

B. Olivia scored 100, Lucas scored 130 ## Footnote Corrected Answer: B

Question 215

A counselor is researching predictors of IQ test performance. She discovers that certain demographic factors are correlated with IQ scores. **Which of the following is least likely to show a significant correlation?** * A. Race * B. Attitude toward IQ testing * C. Birth order

Answer 215

B. Attitude toward IQ testing ## Footnote While socioeconomic status and race often show measurable correlations with IQ scores, attitudes toward testing have little predictive relationship.

Question 216

Two counselors independently score the same client’s essay test and assign nearly identical scores. **This demonstrates:** * A. Alternate forms reliability * B. Inter-rater reliability * C. Test-retest reliability

Answer 216

B. Inter-rater reliability ## Footnote Inter-rater reliability is agreement between different evaluators scoring the same performance.

Question 217

A counselor reviews the NCE and notes that each question has one correct answer and several distractors. **What test format is this?** * A. Recognition-based forced choice * B. Ipsative measure * C. Projective measure

Answer 217

A. Recognition-based forced choice ## Footnote Multiple-choice items require recognition and are classified as forced-choice questions.

Question 218

A word association test is classified as: **What type of test?** * A. Neuropsychological * B. Projective * C. Achievement

Answer 218

B. Projective ## Footnote Word association is a projective technique revealing underlying thought patterns.

Question 219

A counselor wants to assess the internal consistency of a true/false inventory without splitting it in half. **Which statistic should she use?** * A. Split-half method * B. Test-retest reliability * C. Kuder-Richardson coefficient

Answer 219

C. Kuder-Richardson coefficient ## Footnote The Kuder-Richardson formulas measure internal consistency for dichotomous items without splitting the test.

Question 220

A career counselor wants to choose a test that gives consistent results regardless of when it is administered. **She is most concerned with:** * A. Reliability * B. Face validity * C. Incremental validity

Answer 220

A. Reliability ## Footnote Reliability ensures consistent measurement over time, conditions, and populations.

Question 221

A client completes a personality inventory and is asked to compare different statements about themselves to select the one most applicable. **This type of measure is:** * A. Normative * B. Ipsative * C. Spiral

Answer 221

B. Ipsative ## Footnote Ipsative measures require test-takers to compare their own responses rather than being compared to a norm group.

Question 222

A test has a reliability coefficient of 1.00. **This means:** * A. It is highly valid. * B. It has no measurement error. * C. It is culturally fair.

Answer 222

B. It has no measurement error. ## Footnote A coefficient of 1.00 means perfect consistency and zero measurement error.

Question 223

A correlation coefficient of .00 between two variables **indicates:** * A. A complete absence of any relationship between the variables. * B. No linear relationship between the variables. * C. That the variables are orthogonal but share variance in other ways.

Answer 223

B. No linear relationship between the variables ## Footnote A zero correlation means no linear relationship; other non-linear relationships may still exist.

Question 224

Two equivalent forms of a leadership assessment are given to a group in the same week, producing similar results. **This is:** * A. Test-retest reliability * B. Alternate forms reliability * C. Split-half reliability

Answer 224

B. Alternate forms reliability ## Footnote Alternate forms reliability compares scores from two equivalent versions of the same test.

Question 225

The standard error of measurement tells you: **What does it tell you?** * A. How accurate a score is likely to be * B. The test’s predictive power * C. How much a score correlates with norms

Answer 225

A. How accurate a score is likely to be ## Footnote SEM estimates the range in which the true score is likely to fall due to measurement error.

Question 226

A graduate counseling class is taking a midterm that requires analyzing case studies and writing short essays. **The professor notes that grading will depend on the evaluator’s judgment. Which term best describes this test format?** * A. Objective format * B. Subjective format * C. Forced-choice format

Answer 226

B. Subjective format ## Footnote Essays are graded using judgment and interpretation, making them subjective. Objective formats have predetermined correct answers (e.g., multiple-choice).

Question 227

An interest inventory is least valid for: **Who?** * A. First-year college students in undecided majors * B. Third-year college students with declared majors * C. Eighth-grade student with IQ of 136

Answer 227

C. Eighth-grade student with IQ of 136 ## Footnote Interest inventories are less accurate for very young adolescents due to limited exposure to occupations.

Question 228

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based on the theory of: **Whose theory?** * A. Raymond Cattell * B. Carl Jung * C. B.F. Skinner

Answer 228

B. Carl Jung ## Footnote The MBTI is rooted in Jung’s personality typology.

Question 229

Clients should be told that: **What should they be told?** * A. A test is only one source of data * B. Projective tests favor psychodynamic theory * C. Face validity is not essential

Answer 229

A. A test is only one source of data ## Footnote Ethical practice requires explaining that test results are not infallible and should be used alongside other data.

Question 230

A counselor discovers that test reliability is .90 but validity is .30. **This means:** * A. The test lacks stability and accuracy * B. The test is consistent but measures something other than intended * C. The test is invalid and unreliable

Answer 230

B. The test is consistent but measures something other than intended ## Footnote High reliability with low validity indicates precision without true construct measurement.

Question 231

During a licensing exam, candidates are required to compose case analyses that the graders will interpret and score differently based on judgment. **This format is best described as:** * A. Objective * B. Subjective * C. Forced-choice

Answer 231

B. Subjective ## Footnote Subjective tests require scoring based on the evaluator’s interpretation, unlike objective tests with predetermined correct answers.

Question 232

A psychometrician notes that a test with strict time limits consistently yields more consistent results than a comparable untimed version. **This suggests speeded tests tend to be:** * A. Less reliable * B. Have no effect on reliability * C. More reliable

Answer 232

C. More reliable ## Footnote Speeded tests can increase reliability because they reduce random error due to guessing or pacing differences.

Question 233

A client displays pervasive distrust, interpreting benign comments as threats. Functioning remains intact. **The likely diagnostic cluster is:** * A. Cluster A pattern with suspicious traits * B. Cluster B pattern with dramatic traits * C. Cluster C pattern with anxious traits

Answer 233

A. Cluster A pattern with suspicious traits ## Footnote Paranoid features fall within Cluster A—odd or eccentric personality presentations.

Question 234

A counselor compares scores from an IQ test to the number of students who answered each item correctly. **She finds one question that only 15% of students answered correctly. Which index is she examining?** * A. Reliability index * B. Difficulty index * C. Discrimination index

Answer 234

B. Difficulty index ## Footnote The difficulty index measures the percentage of individuals who answer an item correctly. A lower percentage means a more difficult item.

Question 235

A counselor is choosing between two standardized math achievement tests for middle school students. Both are valid, but one has a higher reliability coefficient. **Which is the best choice and why?** * A. The less reliable test, because validity is more important. * B. The more reliable test, because it will provide more consistent results. * C. Either test, since validity automatically ensures reliability

Answer 235

B. The more reliable test, because it will provide more consistent results. ## Footnote Between two equally valid tests, the more reliable instrument is preferable because it will yield more consistent scores.

Question 236

The NCE is classified as which type of test? **What type?** * A. Intelligence test * B. Aptitude test * C. Achievement test

Answer 236

C. Achievement test ## Footnote The NCE measures mastery of counseling knowledge, fitting the achievement test category.

Question 237

Lewis Terman is known for: **What is he known for?** * A. Creating the Wechsler scales * B. Developing the original Binet test * C. Americanizing the Binet test

Answer 237

C. Americanizing the Binet test ## Footnote Terman adapted the Binet-Simon test into the Stanford-Binet for U.S. use.

Question 238

A study finds that the correlation between two tests measuring problem-solving ability is 0.40. **What percentage of the variance is not explained by the correlation?** * A. 84% * B. 36% * C. 16%

Answer 238

A. 84% ## Footnote The percentage of variance explained is the square of the correlation coefficient (r = 0.40). Squaring 0.40 gives 0.16, or 16% of the variance being explained. The remaining variance (unexplained) is 100% - 16% = 84%.

Question 239

The best test for **assessing a kindergartner’s intelligence is:** * A. WPPSI-IV * B. WAIS-IV * C. WISC-IV

Answer 239

A. WPPSI-IV ## Footnote The WPPSI-IV is for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months.

Question 240

A counselor chooses a test with excellent reliability but low validity for measuring career interests. **What is the most likely outcome?** * A. The test will measure career interests accurately every time. * B. The test will produce consistent results that do not measure true career interests. * C. The test will be useful for predicting job satisfaction.

Answer 240

B. The test will produce consistent results that do not measure true career interests. ## Footnote Reliability means consistency, not accuracy. A reliable but invalid test will consistently measure the wrong construct, making it ineffective for assessing career interests.