What happens to the ionisation energy across a period?
Increases due to higher nuclear charge, distance of outer electrons from nucleus decreases and same shielding effect.
What happens to the ionisation energy down a group?
Decreases due to an increase in nuclear charge, shielding and the distance of the outer electron from the nucleus increasing.
What are the factors affecting the ionisation energy?
-Nuclear charge
-Distance from nucleus
-electron shielding
-spin-pair repulsion
What are isotopes?
atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons
Similarities and differences of isotopes
Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties
Free radical
a species with one or more unpaired electron
