Where is the mass of an atom concentrated at?
The nucleus because of the protons & neutrons
Beams of electrons are deflected strongly towards what?
towards the positive plate
A beam of protons is deflected slightly towards what?
the negative plate, slightly due to its weight
What is atomic radius?
the measure of the size of an atom
What is an ionic radius?
the measure of the size of an ion
What are isotopes?
the same element that contain the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.
why do isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties?
the chemical properties are the same due to having the same number of valence electrons but the physical properties are different due to the different number of neutrons & mass.
What is electronic configuration?
arrangement of electrons in an atom
what is ground state?
the most stable electronic configuration of an atom which has the lowest amount of energy
what is the shape of the ‘S’ orbital?
spherical
what is the shape of the ‘P’ orbitals?
dumbbell-shaped
what are free radicals?
species with one more unpaired electrons
why is sometimes the 3d orbital filled before the 4s one?
due to energetically favourability if the 3d orbital will be full or half full.
What is ionisation?
the process by which an electron is removed from an atom or a molecule
What is ionisation energy?
the amount of energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atom of an element to form one mole of gaseous ions
what is first ionisation energy?
why do isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties?
what is second ionisation energy?
the amount of energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous 1+ ions of an element to form one mole of gaseous 2+ ions
what happens to the IE when you move left to right across a period
IE means ionisation energy
IE increases
What are the 4 factors affecting IE?
ie = ionisation energy
- nuclear charge
- distance from the nucleus
- electron shielding
- spin-pair repulsion
what happens to the 1st IE when you go down a group?
the 1st ionisation energy decreases due to greater atomic radius and more shielding?
what happens to the successive ionisation energies of an element?
increases because after the outer electron is removed the atom becomes (+) ion making further electron removal more difficult
