Attachment

Question 1

What is an attachment

Answer 1

A strong emotional bond between two people
A two way process that continues over time, and is shown through a desire to maintain proximity

Question 2

Who did the two animal studies of attachment

Answer 2

Lorenz and Harlow

Question 3

What was the aim of lorenz’s study

Answer 3

To investigate mother- infant attachment in birds

Question 4

What was the procedure of Lorenz’s study

Answer 4

Lab experiment
Independent groups design:
- Control group- half eggs left with mother goose in natural environment
- Experimental group- half eggs placed in incubator and first moving object they saw was Lorenz

marked the two groups to be able to distinguish them, and then placed them all together, with the mother and Lorenz present
Lorenz also followed the geese into adult hood to test the long term affects

Question 5

What were the findings of Lorenz’s study

Answer 5

Imprinting- The experimental group who had seen lorenz first, followed him closely. The control group, followed their mother.
After lorenz put them all together, he foudn that the two groups went to their respective mothers

Long lasting effects- Found the process to be irreversible and long lasting. It also had an effect on mate preferences later in life

Critical period- Lorenz identified a critical period of 48hours, where imprinting needed to happen. If it didnt occur within this time, Lorenz found that they didnt attach to a mother figure

Question 6

What was the conclusion from Lorenz’s study

Answer 6

Highlighted the importance of imprinting on animals and the evolutionary advantage of attachment, as the chicks followed their mother, which makes them more likely to be safe from predators, to be fed, and to learn how to find food.
Also showed there is a critical period for attachment to form in, and if it doesnt in this time, it will make it alot harder to form a new attachment later on

Question 7

What are the points of evaluation for Lorenz’s study

Answer 7

Research support for imprinting and critical period- Guiton
Contradictory evidence
Ethical issues

Question 8

What is research support for imprinting and critical period (evaluation of Lorenz’s study)

Answer 8

P- Studies support Lorenz’s research
E- Guiton
E- exposed chicks to yellow rubber gloves when feeding them during the first few weeks after birth
E- found tat they became imprinted on the glove, supports view that young animals imprint on any moving object that is there during the critical period
R- suggests a critical period where attachments have to be formed, otherwise it will lead to long-term consequences.

Question 9

What is contradictory evidence (evaluation of Lorenz’s study)

Answer 9

P- Many psychologists dispute the view that imprinting is irreversible
E- Guiton
E- When chickens grew up and spent time with their own species, they engaged in normal mating behaviour
E- Shows imprinting can be reversed after the critical period
R- Suggests imprinting isnt as permanent as lorenz thought

Question 10

What was the aim of Harlows study

Answer 10

Wanted to demonstrate that attachment wasnt based on the feeding bond between mother and infant

Question 11

What was the procedure of Harlows study

Answer 11

Lab experiment
Independent groups:
- Condition one- cloth mother provided milk, and wire monkey didnt
- Condition two- wire monkey provided milk, cloth monkey didnt

Each group had 4 monkeys, and they were studied for 165 days.
Harlow measured how much time the monkeys spent with the two different mothers, and how they reacted when frightened
He also followed them into adulthood to record the long term effects

Question 12

What were the findings of Harlows study

Answer 12

Baby monkeys spent most time with cloth covered mother, even if it didnt have the bottle. Those who fed from the wire mother, fed, then returned quickly to the cloth mother. When frightened, they all ran to the cloth monkey, and treated it as a secure base

Critical period- Found that a mother figure ahd ot be introduced within 90 days for an attachment to form.

Long term effects- Found the monkeys developed abnormally when they became adults. They were more agressive and less sociable than other monkeys. They also bred less often. When they became mothers, they neglected and sometimes attacked their children

Question 13

What are the conclusions from Harlows study

Answer 13

Showed that attachment doesnt develop due to bieng fed, but as a result of comfort. Also showed the importance of quality of early relationships for later social development.

Question 14

What is Practical applications (evaluation of Harlows study)

Answer 14

P- Has practical uses as shows the importance of emotional care in childcare
E- Schaffer and Emerson
E- Found that the mothers responsiveness was the most important in the formation of attachment
E- this led to practical applicatiosn, like helped social workers understand tthe risk of child neglect and so can intervene to prevent it
R- Shows how Harlows research has practical value

Question 15

What are the two general evaluation points for animal studies

Answer 15

Problems with comparing results to humans
Ethical issues

Question 16

What is problems with comparing results to humans (evaluation of animal studies)

Answer 16

P- There is a problem of generalising findings from animal studies to humans
E- studies such as Bowlby
E- many animal studies influenced research into human attachment, but there is a problem of generalising the findings to humans
E- human attachment is different to other animals, like mammalian mothers show more attachment to their young than birds do
R- So this means it may not be appropriate to try and generalise the findings from animal studies to explain human attachment

Question 17

What are the ethical issues (evaluation of animal studies)

Answer 17

P- Ethical issues in the animal studies
E- Lorenz and Harlow
E- Created stress to the young animals as they were seperated from their mothers, and caused long term harm to the animals
E- However the experiment can be justified as it had a significant effect on understanding the process of attachment in humans
R- So could be argued the benefits outweigh the costs and is something to consider

Question 18

What is innate and adaptive in Bowlbys Monotrophic theory

Answer 18

It explains how and why attachments form

Innate and Adaptive:
Bowlby proposed that attachment is innate, and adaptive. This is because it helps the infant survive, and ensures its safety, and so the infant will stay close to the person who will feed and protect them.

Question 19

What is critical period in Bowlbys monotrophic theory

Answer 19

Critical period:
First 2 years the critical period, and most sensitive at 6 months. After 2 years the child will find it harder to form attachments if not already

Question 20

What are social releasers in Bowlbys monotrophic theory

Answer 20

Social releasers:
Babies have particular features that trigger caregiving behaviours, like crying and big eyes. These help to form the reciprocal bond between caregiver and infant. Infants become most strongly attached to the person who responds most sensitively to their social releasers

Question 21

What is monotropy in Bowlbys monotrophic theory

Answer 21

Bowlby believed that human infants have an innate tendency to become attached to one person in particular. And the more time spent with the primary attachment the better. He explained that the effects of seperation from the mother adds up and can have negative effects

Question 22

What is the internal working model in Bowlbys monotrophic theory

Answer 22

Bowlby suggested that a child having their first relationship forms a mental representation of this relationship, and this will construct their working model for future relationships, and show them how they should act in act and expectations in them. So the attachments formed in the critical period will affect relationships later in life.

Question 23

What are the points of evaluation for Bowlbys Monotrophic theory

Answer 23

-Supporting evidence that attachment is adaptive and innate- Lorenz
-Ethical implications- Burman
-Supporting evidence for the internal working model- Hazan and shavers
-Multiple attachments more important that monotrophy- Rutter

Question 24

What is the supporting evidence that attachment is adaptive and innate (evaluation for Bowlbys Monotrophic theory)

Answer 24

P- Supporting evidence from studies that show attachment as adaptive and innate
E- Lorenz
E- Goslings formed an picture of their parents within hours of birth, and follow them around closely.
E- Lorenz belived that it has evolutionary value, as they are more likely to be safe, fed and learn how to find food, when they follow their mother.
R- However care must be taken when extrapolating results from gosling to humans, as it may not be the same

Question 25

What are ethical implications (evaluation for Bowlbys Monotrophic theory)

Answer 25

P- Is a socially sensitive issue E- Burmn- is has implications on the choices mothers make when their children are young E- As the theory states that having time apart increases the risk of a poor quality attachment, which will affect the child later in life. E- So it pushes mothers to decisions, such as not returning to work, and not putting the child in daycare, which has effects on the economy R- Places a burden of responsibility on the mother

Question 26

What is supporting evidence for the internal working model (evaluation for Bowlbys Monotrophic theory)

Answer 26

P- Studies into child and adult relationships support the internal working model. E- Hazan and shavers E- Adult romantic love can be related back to the persons attachment history E- Secure, had love experiences that were happy, friendly, trusting. Insecure found relationships less easy, more likely to be divorced. R- Supports the view that attachment type does predict future relationships

Question 27

What is are multiple attachments as important as monotrophy? (evaluation for Bowlbys monotrophic theory)

Answer 27

P- Contradictory research shows that all attachment figures are equally important, in contrast to one bieng special E- Thomas E- Suggested a tendency to form a single main attachment isnt healthy for good development, and its better to have a variety of attachments to meet the needs of the infant E- He found in Caribbean and European cultures children developed many attachments that were all equally important R- Suggests there is mixed evidene for monotrophy, which weakens the validity of Bowlbys explanation

Question 28

What is the research support for the critical period (evaluation of Bowlbys monotrophic theory)

Answer 28

P- Studies demonstrate a critical period for attachment in animals E- Lorenz- Found a critical period where imprinting needed to take place, and if they didnt, they woudltn attach to a mother figure E- Harlow also found a critical period- if a mother figure wasnt introduced in 90 days, attachment was impossible E- suggests a critical period in which attachments must be formed otherwise it can lead to long term negative consequences R- Supports Bowlbys belief that if attachment isnt formed within a critical period, a child will find it much harder to form one later.

Question 29

What is the learning theory

Answer 29

Emphasises the importance of the caregiver as the provider of food. Suggests that babies learn to be attached to their caregiver either through classical or operant conditioning

Question 30

What is classical conditioning

Answer 30

Involves learning through association. The pleasure of food becomes associated with the caregiver who feeds the infant. Through classical conditioning this person becomes a source of pleasure even when there is no feeding. Food (unconditioned stimulus) = Pleasure (Unconditioned response) Caregiver (neutral stimulus) + Food (Unconditioned stimulus) = Pleasure (Unconditioned response) Caregiver (conditioned stimulus) = Pleasure (Conditioned stimulus ) The association between the individual and a sense of pleasure creates an attachment bond

Question 31

What is operant conditioning

Answer 31

Dollard and Miller Involves learning through repetition- if a behaviour produces a pleasant consequence, that behaviour is likely o be repeated. Hunger is a primary drive, and when hungry, the baby will feel uncomfortable and will seek food. When fed, the hunger is reduced which produces a sense of pleasure. Food is therefore a primary reinforcer because it reduces the discomfort, so the behaviour is likely to be repeated Attachment is a secondary drive, As the person who provides the food, becomes a secondary reinforcer. From then on the baby will want to be with that person, as they are a source of pleasure, so an attachment forms. Explains why babies cry for comfort, as it is positively reinforced by the caregiver, as it creates a positive response like feeding. Also at the same time, the caregiver receives negative reinforcement because the crying stops so it removes the negative stimulus. This strengthens the mutual attachment

Question 32

What are the points of evaluation for the learning theory

Answer 32

Plausible underlying principles- Pavlov and skinner Doesnt consider quality- Harlow Alternative explanation- Hay and Vespo

Question 33

What are the plausible underlying principles (evaluation of the learning theory)

Answer 33

P- The learning theory is plausible, and based on an established theory E- Pavlov and Skinner E- Demonstrates we do learn through reinforcement and association, so there seems to be no reason why attachment would be any different. E- However, it could be factors other than food that are driving conditioning, like they may associate the caregiver with warmth and comfort not just feeding. R- So learning theory may be based on a scientific and plausible process, but lack consideration of other reinforcers involved

Question 34

What is fails to consider quality (evaluation of learning theory)

Answer 34

P- Criticism as it doesnt consider quality of the infant- caregiver interactions E- Harlow E- Found monkeys would seek closeness with cloth mother, over wire mother, even when the wire mother fed them E- Shows other factors are potentially more important than food R- Challenges the theory that food is primary driver of attachment, and suggests quality of interaction may be more significant.

Question 35

What is the alternative explanation (evaluation of learning theory)

Answer 35

P- Alternative explanation for infant-caregiver attachment E- Hay and Vespo E- stated attachment is mostly due to modeeling and imitation of attachment behavior by parents, and the parents teach children to love them by modelling attachment behaviour E- Then when the child begins to imitate they are rewarded praise when they copy the behaviours R- Suggests attachment is learned directly by watching others

Question 36

What are the three types of attachment

Answer 36

Secure Insecure- Avoidant Insecure- Resistant

Question 37

What is Secure attachment

Answer 37

Most desireable, and associated with psychologically healthy outcomes Shown in strange situation, by the infant using the caregiver as a secure base, -moderate stranger anxiety -Moderate separation anxiety -Joy on reunion

Question 38

What is insecure avoidant

Answer 38

-Low stranger anxiety -Low separation anxiety -Little response on reunion Develops due to the caregivers lack of sensitive responsiveness to the infants needs.

Question 39

What is insecure- resistant

Answer 39

-High stranger anxiety -High separation anxiety -Seeks closeness and pushes away Due to caregivers inconsistency to the infants needs

Question 40

What was the aim of Ainsworths- The strange situation

Answer 40

Aimed to investigate the individual differences in types of attachments, especially between secure and insecure attachments. Wanted to see how individuals would react in new situations

Question 41

What was the procedure of Ainsworths study

Answer 41

Lab experiment- playroom Controlled observation American infants between 12-18 months. Eight episodes- each lasting for three minutes, e.g: mother and baby entering room, mother leaving room, stranger entering room with baby Key behaviours observed were: -Secure base and exploration -Seperation anxiety -Stranger anxiety -Reunion behaviour

Question 42

What were the findings of Ainsworths study

Answer 42

**Secure- 70%** -Explore happily but regularily return to mother -Stranger anxiety = moderate -Separation anxiety = moderate - Joy on reunion **Insecure avoidant- 20%** - Explore freely, but dont return to mother. - Separation anxiety = moderate - Stranger anxiety = moderate - Avoids contact on reunion **Insecure resistant- 10%** -Not willing to explore - Very high separation anxiety - Very high stranger anxiety - Seeks and resists contact on reunion

Question 43

What was the conclusion of Ainsworths study

Answer 43

Ainsworth believed there are significant individual differences between infants, and this is related to the behaviour of the caregiver. This suggests attachment is innate, and is affected by life experiences

Question 44

What are the points of evaluation for Ainsworth Strange Situation study

Answer 44

Predicts later development- Ward Reliable- Bick et al Culturally biased- Takahashi Other types of attachment- Solomon

Question 45

What is predictive validity (evaluation for Ainsworth Strange Situation study)

Answer 45

P- Can predict later development E- Infants that were secure, most often go on to have better outcomes in many areas E- They often have more success at school, in future romantic relationships, and friendships. E- Ward- found less Insecure resistant worst outcomes, and more likely to have mental health problems R- Shows how the strange situation can predict adult relationships. Good predictive validity

Question 46

What is reliable (evaluation for Ainsworth Strange Situation study)

Answer 46

P- Strange situation shows good reliability with different observers E- Bick et al E- Used a team of trained observers, and found an agreement on attachment type for 94% E- trained observers generally agree, due to behavioural categories bieng easy to observe, and is under controlled lab conditions R- We can be confident that the attachment type identified does not depend on who is observing them

Question 47

What is Culturally biased (evaluation for Ainsworth Strange Situation study)

Answer 47

P- Created and tested in the USA so may be culturally biased E- Takahashi E- Found the strange situation didnt work in japan due to high levels of seperation anxiety, so the mothers often ran back in and scooped up the child, so they couldnt observe the behaviours E- Cultural diffeences are likely to lead to different observations of the strange situation R- Imposed etic- as she imposed the resutls from the USA on the rest of the world

Question 48

What is the other type of attachment (evaluation for Ainsworth Strange Situation study)

Answer 48

P- Other studies found another type of attachment E- Main and Solomon E- Insecure- Disorganised attachment, where there is a lack of consistent patterns of behaviour like they showed strong attachment behaviour, suddenly bieng followed by avoidance. E- Supported by Van Ijzendoorn, who did a meta analysis of 80 studies, and found 15% of people insecure disorganised R- The existance of this fourth attachment type challenges ainsworths three types of attachment

Question 49

What are cultural variations

Answer 49

Cultural variations in attachment are the differences in norms and values about childrearing and how parents are expected to behave in different cultures Therefore studies have been conducted in different countries, to see whether the theory applies to all people or only to one particular culture.

Question 50

What was the aim of Van Ijzendoorn's study.

Answer 50

Investigate the proportion of secure, insecure- avoidant, and insecure resistant across a range of countries. Also looked at the difference within the same country

Question 51

What was the procedure of Van Ijzendoorn's study

Answer 51

Carried out a meta-analysis of the findings from 32 studies carried out in 8 different countries using the strange situation. 1900 children in total. Research included collectivist and individualist cultures

Question 52

What were the findings of Van Ijzendoorn's study

Answer 52

Overall- Secure= 67%, Insecure avoidant= 21%, insecure- resistant= 12% Secure was most common in all cultures. Insecure resistant was least common type, and found most in Israel, Japan and China Insecure avoidant was observed most in Germany Variations within the same country was 1.5 times grater than between different countries.

Question 53

What was the conclusion of Van Ijzendoorn's study

Answer 53

Global pattern of attachment is similar to the US, which supports the idea that secure attachment is best for healthy development. Secure is the most common across all, showing that attachment is innate and universal

Question 54

What are the points of evaluation of Van Ijzendoorn's study

Answer 54

Population validity Imposed etic- Fox Temperament hypothesis- Kagan

Question 55

What is populational validity (evaluation of Van Ijzendoorn's study)

Answer 55

P- A strength, is because of combining the results of many different studies, there is a very big sample E- Van Ijzendoorn E- Total of nearly 2000 babies. However care needs to be taken as limited variety was used E- Over half were carried out in the US, and only one in China. Only 5 in collectivist cultures R- Suggests it may not be truly representative, so more research needs to be carried out to allow for meaningful comparisons

Question 56

What is Imposed etic (evaluation of Van Ijzendoorn's study)

Answer 56

P- Strange situation may not be an appropriate way of measuring attachment, as it reflects norms and values of American culture E- Fox E- German children are more likely to be insecure avoidant, due to the parents valuing independence E- Shows the strange situation is an imposed etic as it uses a tecnique made in the US to study another country R- Suggests the strange situation may not be a valid measrue of attachment in different cultures, as we need to know about the child rearing practices of those cultures

Question 57

What is Temperament Hypothesis (evaluation of Van Ijzendoorn's study)

Answer 57

P- Places too muhc emphasis on the role of the mother and ignores the temprament of the child E- Kagan E- Found that it is the childs innate personality that is a key factor in the formation of attachment, like how some form secure attachments due to being innately friendlier E- This shows that the strange situation could be affected by other factors, which means it could lack validity R- This questions all the findings for cultural variation, as they all use the strange situation.

Question 58

What is Bowlbys theory of Maternal deprivation

Answer 58

Emotional care as important as physical- if an infant is unable to form a intimate CONTINUOUS connection with its mother, it will have difficulty forming future relationships Critical period- First 2.5 years a critical period, and if they are deprived of emotional care due to frequent or prolonged seperation of mother during this time, psychological damge is inevitable Long term effects: Intellectual development- Often have lower IQ Emotional development- Can lead to Affectionless psychopathy (no guilt, affection, or empathy)

Question 59

What was the aims of Bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 59

To investigate the link between affectionless psychopathyt and maternal deprivation

Question 60

What was the procedure of Bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 60

Natural experiment 88 patients at a Child guidance clinic 44 had been accused of stealing, and the other 44 weren't criminals, but just emotionally disturbed All were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy (lack of guilt, empathy, affection) Their families were also interviewed to see if the thieves had prolonged early separation from their mothers

Question 61

What were the findings of Bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 61

32% of the 44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths. Of these, 86% had experienced prolonged seperation in the first two years of their life Only 17% of the other thieves (not affectionless psychopaths) had experienced long separation. Only 4% of the control group had experienced long separation

Question 62

What was the conclusion from Bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 62

Prolonged maternal deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy, therefore a lack of emotional care can cause a psychological disorder

Question 63

What are the points of evaluation for Bowlbys 44 thieves study

Answer 63

Real world applications- Robertson Counter evidence- Lewis Individual differences- Barrett

Question 64

What is real world applications (evaluation for Bowlbys 44 thieves study)

Answer 64

P- It has real world applications E- Before the research, children were seperated from parents, due to people believing the physical needs of the child was all they needed to look after E- Robertson- Filmed a 2 year old girl during a 8 day period in hospital, and she was often distressed and begged to go home. E- Led to major changes in the way children were cared for in hospitals R-Shows the positive impact of the research into attachment has on childcare practices

Question 65

What is counter evidence (evaluation for Bowblys 44 thieves study)

Answer 65

P- Research against the findings E- Lewis- E- Replicated the 44 thieves study, with 500 people, and found early prolonged seperation didnt predict criminality or difficulty forming close relationships, suggests other factors may be important E- Also it had investigator effects, as Bowlby carried out the study to prove his own hypothesis so he knew what he hoped to find R- Questions the validity of Bowlbys findings

Question 66

What was individual differences (evaluation of Bowlbys 44 thieves study)

Answer 66

P- Individual differences need to be considered E- Barret E- Showed that not all children are affected by maternal deprivation in the same way E- Found securely attached children coped reasonably well with the seperation, but insecurely attached children became very distressed. R- Suggests that individual differences such as attachment type need to be considered to assess the effects of maternal deprivation

Question 67

What is institutionalisation

Answer 67

The effects of living outside the family or family home in an institutional setting. An institution is a place like a hospital or orphanage where children live for long periods of time. In these places there was often little emotional care, as children dont see enough of any one carer to develop an attachment This can have social and mental effects, and cause physical underdevelopment

Question 68

What was the aim of the English and Romanian adoptees project

Answer 68

To investigate to what extent loving a nurturing care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions

Question 69

What was the procedure in the English and Romanian adoptees project

Answer 69

Natural experiment, Longitudinal Observed 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain, to asses physical, cognitive and emotional development at ages 4,6,11 and 15 IV- age of adoption 1- before 6 months 2- between 6 months and 2 years 3- after 2 years Gathered information through interviews, and results were compared to a control group of 52 British children adopted in the UK before 6 months

Question 70

What were the findings of the English and Romanian adoptees project

Answer 70

Intellectual delay: -When they first arrived in the uk, half showed signs of intellectual delay, but by 4, most of them adopted before the age of 6 months had caught up with the control group. -At 11- the IQ of the children was tested BEFORE 6 MONTHS- 102 6 MONTHS- 2 YEARS- 86 AFTER 2 YEARS- 77 Disinhibited attachment: -children adopted after 6 months showed signs of disinhibited attachment. Attention seeking, clinginess, friendliness to any adult available Due to living with multiple caregivers

Question 71

What is the conclusion of the English and Romanian adoptees project

Answer 71

Suggests children can recover from institutionalisation if they have good quality care. Also suggest that the removal from institutional care should occur before 6 months

Question 72

What are the points of evaluation for the English and Romanian adoptees project

Answer 72

Real life application Value of Longitudinal studies Romanian orphans werent typical

Question 73

What is Value of longitudinal studies (evaluation of the English and Romanian adoptees project)

Answer 73

P- They followed the lives of the children over many years E- Rutter- showed that effects can disappear after sufficient time and with early intervention E-This research strengthens the arguament that recovery is possiuble if they move to a loving environment E- However there is a problem of peopel dropping out of the study, and particular types of participants, liek those who are doing worse, are more likely to drop out R- Leaves the studyw ith a biased sample which makes the findings difficult to generalise

Question 74

What is the real life application (evaluation of the English and Romanian adoptees project)

Answer 74

P- Research has improved our understanding of the effects of institutionalisation E- Led to improvements in the way children are cared for E- like orphanages and childrens homes dont have large numbers of caregivers for each child. and only one or two are the key workers for them, and adoptions should ideally happen before 6 months E- This allows the children to form normal attachments and avoid disinhibited attachment R-This shows how the research has been valubal ein practical terms

Question 75

What is romanian orphanbs werent typical (evalyuation of the Enlgihs and Romanian adoptees project)

Answer 75

P- The romanian orphans situations were unusal E-The romanian childrens conditions were so bad the results cant be applied E- as the romanian children had very poor standards of care, and very low intellectual stimulation E-Thereforethe extreme experiences of the Romanian orphans means the sutdy lacks generalisation due ot the unusual siutational variables R- So it questions the populational validuty of the study

Question 76

What is the internal working model

Answer 76

Bowlby suggested a child having their first relationship with their primary attachment figure forms a mental representation of this relationship, and this internal working model is a template for future relationships Provides a schema, related to expections about relationships, and how to be a parent themselves. Secure= warm and positive future attachments Insecure= negative experiences with future attachments

Question 77

What is the research into the internal working model

Answer 77

Myron- Wilson and Smith

Question 78

What was Myron- Wilson and Smith's study into the internal working model

Answer 78

Investigated the internal working model to see if there was an association between early attachment type and participation in bullying. Procedure 196 Children 7-11 years old Assessed for attachment type and quality of relationship with parents, and divided into secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant. Involvement in bullying was assesses using a participant roles scale, where the children identified their peers.

Question 79

What were the findings of Myron-Wilson and Smith's study into the internal working model

Answer 79

Secure children were very unlikely to be involved in bullying Insecure- avoidant children were most likely to be victims of bullying Insecure- resistant children were most likely to be bullies Conclusion Supports the continuity hypothesis, suggesting there is a link between early attachment and quality of future relationships

Question 80

What was the research into testing the working model on adult relationships

Answer 80

Hazan and Shaver

Question 81

What was Hazan and Shaver's study into the internal working model (adult relationships)

Answer 81

Investigated the idea that attachment styles would affect adult romantic relationships, as predicted by Bowlby Procedure Analysed 620 responses to a love quiz Assessed their current attachment type by asking which of three statements best described their feelings about romantic relationships. These descriptions led to secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant Also asked to compete checklist describing childhood relationships with parents

Question 82

What were the findings of Hazan and Shavers study

Answer 82

Secure= 56% Insecure avoidant= 25% Insecure resistant= 19% Secure= positive internal working model Love experiences as happy, friendly and trusting. Longer lasting and less likely to be divorced Insecure avoidant= Doubtful of existence of duration of romantic love. Didnt need partners to be happy Insecure resistant= Fall in love easily, Jealous, worried their partners may abandon them **Conclusion** Suggest that early attachment behaviour is reflected in adult relationships

Question 83

What are the points of evaluation for Bowlbys internal working model

Answer 83

Supporting research- Simpson et al Mixed findings- Zimmerman et al Issues establishing causality

Question 84

What is the supporting research for Bowlbys internal working model

Answer 84

P- Supporting evidence that an infants first relationships mental representation for future relationships E- Simpson et al E- Longitudinal study, assessed infants at 1, and continued to gather data till 20-23 E- Those more securely attached as infants, had higher social competence, close rto friends, more expresve adn emotionally attached to romantic partners R- Supports view that attachment type does affect future relationships

Question 85

What are the mixed findings (evaluation of Bowlbys internal working model)

Answer 85

P- Longitudinal studies found mixed results E- Zimmerman et al E- Found childhood attachment type not a good predictor of future attachments, and life events altered attachments in adulthood E- found that those who changed attachyment type had experienced a big life event, like loss of a perent, or life threatening illness of parent or child R- Suggests although strong support for continuity of attachment type, also evidence that events can change attacment type later

Question 86

What are the issues establishing causality (evaluation of Bowlbys internal working model)

Answer 86

P- Research is correlational rather than experimental E- So we cant claim the relationship between early attachment and future relationships has a cause and effect E- Temperament hypothis- States some infants born friendly, and leads to secure attachment E- which suggests its not attachments in early life, but the childs temperament which affects future relationships R- Limitation as it coutners Bowlbys view that the internal working model causes these outcomes