1
Q
What are Shaffer and Emersons theory of attachment stages?
A
- Asocial
- Indiscriminate
- Specific
- multiple attachments
2
Q
What is the Asocial stage?
A
- 0-6 weeks
- Happier in the presence of humans than alone
- Prefer faces to non faces
- Accept comfort from any adult
3
Q
What is the indiscriminate stage?
A
- 2-7 months
- Recognise specific faces
- Prefer familiar faces
4
Q
What is the specific stage?
A
- Begin to develop specific attachments
- Becoming distressed when separated from attachments
- Avoid unfamiliar people and protest when strangers handle them
5
Q
What is the multiple attachments stage?
A
- Strong emotional ties with other major caregivers
- Fear of strangers weakens
- Attachment for mother is the strongest
6
Q
What is Interactional Synchrony?
A
- When a caregiver and infant reflect the actions and emotions and do this in a co-ordinated way
7
Q
What was Cordan and Sander’s research?
A
- Filmed mothers talking to babies
- Analysed the film frame by frame and were able to map small changes in the babies movements that corresponded with the mothers speech
8
Q
What does reciprocity mean?
A
- a description of how two people interact
- The caregiver interaction is reciprocal because the infant and mother respond to each others signals and elicit a response
9
Q
What was Felman (2007)?
A
- Found that the frequency of reciprocity increases from around 3 months and is signalled by more verbal and facial signals
10
Q
What are the 4 features of attatchment?
A
Proximity, separation distress, pleasure reunion, secure base behaviour
11
Q
What was Shaffer and Emerson’s research?
A
-60 babies from working class families in Glasgow
-Infants were observed in their homes every 4 weeks until 1 and then again at 18 months
-Mothers were asked about separation anxiety and stranger anxiety
12
Q
Findings of Shaffer and Emerson?
A
-Attachment occurred and 6-9 weeks (separation anxiety)
-39% the primary caregiver was not the feeder, bather etc but the most sensitive to the infants signals
13
Q
Evaluation of Shaffer and Emerson?
A
- Good external validity
- Longitudinal design
- Limited sample, working class from Glasgow
14
Q
What did Grossman’s research into role of the father suggest/
A
- Quality of attachment with mother was related to attachment in adolescence, however fathers was attachment in teen years
15
Q
What was Lorenz’ geese study?
A
- Divided geese eggs into 2
- half were hatched with their mother in a natural environment
- The other half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz being the first thing they sawF
16
Q
Findings of Lorenz’ research
A
- Incubator group followed Lorenz like he was their mother
- When the groups were mixed the incubator group still followed Lorenz
17
Q
Conclusion of Lorenz’ research?
A
- Critical period in which imprinting could occur
- If imprinting did not occur then they would never attach themselves to a mother figure
18
Q
Evaluation of Lorenz’ research?
A
- Humans are more complex than birds, generalisation?
- Highly influential in child care as attachment is irreversible
- High internal validity, controlled and clear cause and effect
- Ethical issues, messed the geese up for life, didn’t know how to mate or care for young
19
Q
What was Harlow’s research?
A
- 16 monkeys separated from their mothers at birth
- Placed in a cage with 2 surrogate mothers
- One was covered in cloth
- One was wire but had a feeding bottle
20
Q
Findings of Harlow’s research?
A
- Monkeys had an overwhelming preference to the cloth, only visiting the wire for food and then returning to the cloth
21
Q
Conclusion of Harlow’s research?
A
- Maternal deprivation was seen to have a permanent effect. Aggressive and less social monkeys
- Problems mating, would attack their young
22
Q
Evaluation of Harlow’s research?
A
- Ethical issues, animal cruelty
- Theoretical value, attachment isn’t all about food
- Generalisability, to what extent can we generalise monkeys to humans
23
Q
Evaluation of the learning theory explanation of attachment?
A
- There is significant evidence to say that feeding does not correlate with attachment
- A little reductionist, reduces our complex nature to one factor
24
Q
What was Ainsworth’s research/
A
- Child aged 12 - 18 months experienced the following
- Parent and infant are alone, child explores
- Stranger enters, parent leaves
- Parent enters, stranger leaves
- Parent leaves
- Stranger enters and interacts with infant
- Parent enters
25
In Ainsworth's research what is being observed?
- Exploration, how much the child explores the unfamiliar room
- Separation behaviour, how the child reacts when the mother leaves
- Stranger anxiety
- Reunion behaviour
26
Findings of Ainsworth's research?
- 70% secure attachment
- 15% insecure avoidant
- 15% insecure resistant
27
What is secure attachment?
- Uses mother as safe base to explore
- Distressed when mother leaves
- Avoidant of stranger when alone but friendly when mother present
- Happy when mother returnsWh
28
What is insecure avoidant attachment?
- Will explore but does not use mother as safe base
- No distress when mother leaves
- Plays normally when stranger is present
- Little interest when mother returns
29
What is insecure resistant attachment?
- Infant cries more and explores less than other 2
- Intense distress when mother leaves
- Afraid of stranger
- When mother returns, push her away
30
Cross-cultural research, Van Ijzendoorn?
Meta analysis of 32 studies of attachment in 8 countries
31
Results of Cross cultural research?
USA: S - 65%, A - 21%, R - 14%
ISRAEL: S - 68%, A - 5%, R - 29%
JAPAN: S - 68%, A - 5%, R - 27%W
32
What was the maternal deprivation hypothesis?
- Bowlby's idea said that too much time spent apart from PCG would have long term effects
- Believed that deprivation can lead to lower IQ and lower emotional intelligence
33
What was Bowlby's 44 thieves research?
- Interviewed 44 adolescents who were caught for stealing
- Another 44 to act as controlled group who had emotional problems but had not stole
- Interviewed the parents
34
Findings of 44 thieves research?
- More than 80% had experienced early separation
- Control group less than 20% had had separation
- 32% had shown 'affectionless psychopathy'
35
Evaluation of 44 thieves?
- Investigator bias, Bowlby performed the interviews, he knew what he was looking for
- retrospective recall, pps memory could have been foggy
- Practical applications, developments in child care
- In depth data, qualitative and quantitative
36
What does privation mean?
Never forming an attachment
37
What was Rutter's Romanian orphan research?
- 165 Romanian orphans adopted in the UK
- Babies adopted before 6 months
- Adopted between 6 and 24 months
- Adopted between 2 and 4 years
- and a control group of UK infants adopted around the same time
38
Findings of Rutter's orphan study?
- The mean IQ of those adopted before 6 months was 102, after 6 months was 86 and between 2 and 4 was 77.
39
Evaluation of Rutter's orphan study?
- Practical applications
- High internal validity, abandoned at birth so results aren't skewed from neglect before they were institutionalised
- Conditions were so bad that can you generalise to other institutions
40
psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
-
research methods127
-
memory58
-
Psycho dynamic theory20
-
cognitive approach12
-
Behaviourist Approach12
-
Social learning theory15
-
Humanistic approach15
-
Biological Approach24
-
Psychopathology20
-
psychopathology52
-
Social influence55
-
Attatchment40
-
Biopsych105
-
Issues And Debates50
-
Paper 1 exam questions4
-
Approaches (big sheet)29
-
Stress48
-
Forensic Psychology77
-
Gender60
