1
Q
What is core gender identity?
A
Sense of themselves as male or female
2
Q
What are gender role behaviours?
A
Characteristics and behaviours that differ in males and females
3
Q
What is sexual orientation?
A
Sexual interest in people of the same or opposite sex
4
Q
What are sex role stereotypes?
A
Types of qualities expected of members of each sec
- from socialisation and enforced by conformity
5
Q
What are females sex stereotypes?
A
- nurturing
- cooperative
- domestic
- emotional
- pretty
6
Q
What are males sex stereotypes?
A
- strong
- independent
- physical
- aggressive
- emotional
7
Q
How are sex role expectations taught?
A
- males treated more physically
- game or toys
8
Q
What are Langois and Downs?
A
- compared peers and mothers reactions to playing with opposite gender toys
- when boys played with girls toys mothers accepted but male peers ridiculed
9
Q
What was Archer and Lloyd?
A
Observed that children as young as three criticised peers who engaged in cross sex play and were less likely to play with them
10
Q
What was Sood et al?
A
- 12% of primary school teachers and 3% of nursery teachers are male due to females nurturing abilities
11
Q
Evaluation of sec role stereotypes?
A
- sex role stereotypes can differ cross culturally. Implies that environmental influences
12
Q
What is androgny?
A
- balance of male and female characteristics
- includes personality and appearance
13
Q
How is androgny measured?
A
- bem sex role inventory
- 20 items representing male characteristics
- 20 female
- 20 neutral
- using self report scale pps rank their own personality and a score is given
14
Q
What is the methodological issue with Bem?
A
- self report measure
- gender is a social construct and is therefore very subjective
- therefore can be unreliable
15
Q
Strength of Bem?
A
- BSM underwent a pilot study with 1000 students who rated their personality using Bem
- found that the classification given matched the students own opinion
16
Q
Issue of Bem?
A
- can be considered to oversimplify gender
- for example doesn’t consider interests
17
Q
Why is the Y chromosome significantly important?
A
- signals the fetus developing into a male
- due to the presence and activation of the SRY gene which produces androgens
- triggers testosterone at higher concentration and the development of testes
18
Q
How does oxytocin contribute to sex stereotypes?
A
- higher concentration in women
- provokes feelings of intimacy and closeness
- explain why women are more caring and affectionate
- also released in high levels after birth which allows mother to bond with child
19
Q
What did Dabbs find about testosterone?
A
- offenders who committed aggressive or sexually violent crimes often had high levels of testosterone
20
Q
Weaknesses of explaining gender through hormones and chromosomes?
A
- oversimplification, biological determinism. Maccoby et al society encouraging gender stereotypical characteristics through being role models for young children
- scientific justification for discriminatory behaviour, argues PMS is a social construct designed to blame women’s emotions as just hormonal
21
Q
What is Klinefelter’s Syndrome?
A
- genotype XXY in males and can result in physical features similar to a female due to additional X chromosome
- typically result in negative characteristics like poor learning abilities and clumsiness
22
Q
What is turners syndrome?
A
- absence of 2 X chromosomes and only 45 chromosomes and a genotype of X0
- happens to females and they develop male facial features
- lack of mestrual cycle and ovaries
- advanced reading skills, lack communication skills
23
Q
What is Kohlberg’s theory of gender?
A
- all children develop through 3 main stages of gender development
Stage 1: gender identity (2-3 years old) identify their gender but not others, doesn’t understand their gender remains the same across time
Stage 2: gender stability (4-5 years) accept gender remains constant over time and setting but cannot understand a female with short hair not being male
Stage 3: gender constancy (6), not confused by those with cross gender characteristics, seek out and imitate same sex models
24
Q
Strength of Kohlberg’s theory?
A
- Slaby and Frey, found children in stage 2 paid more attention to same sex models on tv than those in stage 1
25
Weaknesses of Kohlberg's theory?
- systematic errros, gender is such a complex social construct that a 2-3 year old may have lacked adequate understanding of gender and therefore not produced valid answers
- biological determinism and , ignores social influences
26
What is the gender schema theory (Martin and Halverson)?
- agreed with Kohlberg that understanding gender develops with age
- also suggests, development of gender identity is active not passive
- after a child begins to identify with a gender they actively seek out information to support their beliefs and form their schema
27
Weakness of the gender schema theory?
- hard deterministic stance in explaining gender identity
- according to the theory it should be possible to change the child's gender identity by giving them different stereotypes and stimuli
28
Strengths of gender schema theory?
- Martin and Halverson found that children are more likely to remember gender consistent rather than gender inconsistent photos
29
psychodynamic explanations of gender development?
- Freud said that gender identity happens in the phallic stage
- Oedipus and Electra complex is children overcoming the 'bisexual' conflict
- Oedipus complex suggests castration anxiety and fears the father as they want their mother, when they overcome this they internalise father's characteristics
- same with electra complex when she gets over hating her mum for stopping her from her had she internalises her mums characteristics
30
How does little hans support the psychodynamic explanation for gender development
- Freud said that his fear of horses was a displacement of the fear of his dad castrating him onto a horse
31
Weaknesses of using the psychoynamic approach to explain gender development?
- Lacks scientific rigour, Freud draws very subjective conclusions from the Little Hans data
- Horney criticised the Electra complex as it suggests the process of female gender development is based on aspiring to be like men
- Blakemore and Hill found that boys with more liberal fathers identify as more masculine than those with strict fathers, contradicts Freud
32
What is the Social Learning theory of gender development?
- suggests gender develops through identified role models that act as 'agents of socialisation'
- differential reinforcement, children are rewarded by their parents for displaying gender appropriate behaviours
- attention, retention, reproduction, motivation. Children see other children be rewarded for gender appropriate behaviour
33
Strength of social learning theory in explaining gender development?
Supporting evidence:
- Smith and Lloyd found that when 4-6 month olds they were rewarded by adults as being 'pretty', calm and feminine
- but when the same kids were dressed up as boys, adults rewarded them for playing with hammers, being aggressive and assertive
- shows the significant social influence children experience from a young age
34
What does Witt suggest about androgynous?
That type of gender role is may be more beneficial to children than strict adherence to traditional gender roles as it opens up more opportunities
35
What did Flaherty and Dusk find about androgynous people?
They have a higher self esteem, a better sense of wellbeing and more adaptable to behaviour
36
Evaluation of androgynous
- not always positive to be androgynous (wood hill and Samuel’s) have negatives of both gender ( bad or both worlds) = bad well being
- Nevid and Rathaus ,believe it is the masculine traits that lead to high self esteem not the androgyny
- self report social desirability and demand characteristics (may not be accurate)
37
When does the SRY gene develop and what does it cause?
6 weeks
Cause the gonads of the embryo to develop as testes
38
What is the critical period?
- All males and females are exposed to both androgens and oestrogens during the gestation period within the womb
- Under or overexposure of hormones during this time may influence later gender related behaviour
39
What did Swaab and flyers find?
13 men and 18 women between ages 10 and 93 found that the volume of the sexually dismorphic nucleus was 2.5 times bigger in males. This part of the brain is partly responsible for sexual behaviour
40
What was the Hines study?
Studied female babies born to mothers who had been given injections of male hormones during pregnancy
- found to be more aggressive than typical females
41
What stage of psychosexual development does gender identity primarily form?
Phallic stage
42
At what age do Martin and Halverson suggest that children begin developing gender schema?
2-3
43
Role of gender schemas in perception and memory?
Children distort or ignore information that contradicts their gender beliefs
44
According to Martin and halverson, how do children categorise gender related information?
Into in group (same gender
Out group (opposite gender)
45
What did Campbell find in their res arch on infants and gender schemes?
Infants preferred gender typed toys, suggesting early gender schema development
46
What is a criticism of the gender schema theory?
It underestimates the role of biological influences such as hormones
47
According to Poulin- Dubois, how did toddlers respond to gender inconsistent behaviour?
They looked longer at males performing traditionally female tasks
48
What is the first stage in Kohlbergs gender development theory?
Gender identity
18m - 3 years
49
In which age do children usually begin to recognise that they are either male or female (kholberg)?
2-3 years
50
What were the USSR’s 2 key objectives at the end of WWll?
- defend and protect its south border
- advance the cause of internal communism
51
What was the USSR’s key setback in the 1950s?
When turkey and Iran became firmly entrenched in the pro western camp and joined the Baghdad pact
52
Why was the USSR supportive of Israel to begin with?
- saw the Jewish struggle to be free from British control and anti western, anti imperialist
- Zionism at the beginning was seen as very left wing and influenced by socialism
53
How did the Soviet Union extend influence, arms and weapons?
Czech arms deal 1955
Perfect opportunity to extend influence
54
Extending Soviet influence, the Aswan dam?
USA and Britain refused to give Egypt money for the creation of the Aswan dam
- USSR offered financial aid, engineering expertise, therefore consolidating its presence
55
Why did the Soviets continually demand a peaceful solution to the Arab Israeli conflict?
- knew the Israelis were a stronger military force than the Arabs
- Israel had American backing, did not want to fight to Americans
56
Who did the USSR sell weapons to?
Egypt and Syria
57
What did the Soviets tell the Egyptians in May 1967 and what was the Egyptians response?
- that Israel was concentrating troops on Syrias border and planned to attack (not true)
- Nasser sent a senior military figure to Sytia and confirmed it was not true
- 3 days later he out 100,000 troops in the Sinai
58
Evaluation of gender schema theory?
- overemphasis the role of the individual, does not pay enough attention to the role of social factors such as parental influence, surrounding culture I.e media
- ignores the role of reward and punishment which shapes behaviour
- emphasis how schemas develop but not why they form and develop
59
How does the Oedipus complex influence gender development?
- During the phallic stage boys develop sexual desires for mother
- jealous of father
- fear their father will find out and respond by castrating them
- resolve this they give up their love for their mother and identify with father (internalisation)
60
How does the electra complex help to develop gender identity?
- phallic stage, girls experience penis envy
- resenting their mother for it bc they don’t have a penis
- sexual desires for their dad
- identity with the mother as a means of resolving
- replace penis desire for desire for a child
psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
-
research methods127
-
memory58
-
Psycho dynamic theory20
-
cognitive approach12
-
Behaviourist Approach12
-
Social learning theory15
-
Humanistic approach15
-
Biological Approach24
-
Psychopathology20
-
psychopathology52
-
Social influence55
-
Attatchment40
-
Biopsych105
-
Issues And Debates50
-
Paper 1 exam questions4
-
Approaches (big sheet)29
-
Stress48
-
Forensic Psychology77
-
Gender60
