attribution

Question 1

attribution theory

Answer 1

. the reasons for winning can either be within the control of the performer (internal) or out of their control (external) -> causality
. personal internal control includes the things that can be taken control by the individual (such as effort) and the external control includes things over which the player has little influence (such as luck or decision of the ref)

Question 2

stability dimension

Answer 2

. can either be stable or unstable
. how change the resins for winning to losing are

Question 3

stable attribute

Answer 3

unlikely to change in the short term

Question 4

unstable attribute

Answer 4

can change in a short amount of time

Question 5

internal attribute

Answer 5

within the performer’s control

Question 6

external attribute

Answer 6

outside the performer’s control

Question 7

self-serving bias

Answer 7

. using external and/or unstable reasons for losing
. helps to promote self esteem
. e.g blaming loss on a referees decision

Question 8

learned helplessness

Answer 8

. using internal state reasons for losing
. player thinks failure is inevitable and success is unlikely, there is no belief in their ability
. it can to one sport or applied to different sports at the same time, e.g I’m not good at tennis so I won’t be good at badminton

Question 9

how can learned helplessness be developed

Answer 9

. attributing success to internal and stable factors
. negative feedback from coach or others
. lack of success or negative experiences

Question 10

attribution retraining

Answer 10

changing the reasons given for success and failure

Question 11

ways of attribution retraining

Answer 11

. learn to attribute failure to controllable elements
. focus on mastery goals not outcome - within control
. draw attention to progress
. ensure early success
. be positive with feedback
. listen for incorrect attributions and intervene

Question 12

how to correct learned helplessness

Answer 12

. one to one attention
. performance goals to be focused upon
. use correct attributions
. retrain incorrect attributions
. ways to improve self-efficacy (Bandura)

Question 13

strategies to avoid learned helplessness

Answer 13

. attribution retraining
. avoid social comparisons
. goal setting
. mental rehearsal
. provide opportunities for success
. positive feedback
. positive self-talk