Describe sensory function as it pertains to the nervous system.
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment.
Describe the integrative function as it pertains to the nervous system.
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces the appropriate response.
Describe motor function as it pertains to the nervous system.
The neuromuscular response to sensory information.
Define motor (efferent) neuron relationship
Brain and/or spinal cord –> Muscles or organs
Define sensory (afferent) neuron relationship
Muscles or organs –> Brain and/or spinal cord
Define interneuron relationship
Neuron –> Neuron
Responsibilities of the Nervous System include: (2 of 3)
- Muscle recruitment
- Learned patterns of movements
- Functioning of organs in the body
What is proprioception?
Ability to sense body position and limb movement.
Training proprioceptive abilities improves:
- Balance
- Coordination
- Posture
- Ability to adapt
Define the role of the neuron and name its 3 main parts.
Provide the nervous system with the ability to communicate internally and externally. 3 main components are the cell body, axon, and dendrites.
Central nervous system consists mainly of two components and serves to interpret information. What are those components?
Brain and spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system consists of:
12 cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
sensory receptors
Describe functions of peripheral nervous system.
- Connection for nervous system to activate different effector sites.
- Relay information from effector sites back to the brain via sensory receptors
Sensory receptors are broken into four categories/functions. Define them.
- Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical forces.
- Nociceptors respond to pain.
- Chemoreceptors respond chemical interaction (smell/taste).
- Photoreceptors respond to light (vision).
Describe mechanoreceptors
Specialized structures responsible for sensing distortion in tissues. Some examples of mechanoreceptors include muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors.
Describe muscle spindles
- Muscle tissues’ major sensory organs that run parallel to muscle fibers.
- Sensitive to change in length and rate of length change.
- When excited, the muscle spindle will cause the muscle to contract to prevent the muscle from stretching too far or too fast.
Describe the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)
- Located where the muscle/tendon meet.
- Sensitive to changes in tension and rate of tension change.
- When excited, the GTO will cause the muscle to relax in order to prevent the muscle from being placed under excessive stress.
Name the three components of the axial skeleton and approximate how many bones are included.
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, the rib cage, and vertebral column. It contains approx. 80 bones.
Name the 4 components of the appendicular skeleton and approximate how many bones it contains.
Consists of the upper extremity, lower extremity, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. The appendicular skeleton contains approx. 126 bones.
What 3 factors determine which of the 5 major bone types a given bone fits in to?
- Shape
- Size
- Proportion to Bone Tissue
What are the 5 categories of bones?
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
- Sesamoid bones
Joint motion is referred to as __________________ and can be broken down into 3 types of motion: ______, ______, and ______.
arthrokinematics.
Roll, slide, spin.
Provide example of each of the following bone types:
- Flat
- Long
- Short
- Sesamoid
- Irregular
Flat: Scapula in the shoulder Long: Femur Short: Carpals of the hand Sesamoid: Patella of the knee Irregular: Vertebrae of the spine
State the difference between synovial and non-synovial joints
Non-synovial joints (i.e. those in the cranial plates) are typically static and filled with strong, fibrous, skeletal tissue, while synovial joints are more common, typically dynamic, and lubricated by collagen.
