BIO 160 Chapter 9

Question 1

self fertilization

Answer 1

mendel covered flowers with a asmall bag so that no pollen from another plant could reach the carpal

Question 2

cross-fertilization

Answer 2

fertilization of one plant by pollen from a different plant

Question 3

purebred organisms

Answer 3

varieties for which self fertilizaion produced offspring all identical to the parent

Question 4

P generation

Answer 4

parents

Question 5

F1 generation

Answer 5

kids

Question 6

F2 generation

Answer 6

when F1s offspring

Question 7

heredity

Answer 7

transmission of traits from one generation to next

Question 8

genetics

Answer 8

the scientific study of heredity

Question 9

character

Answer 9

a hereditable feature like flower color

Question 10

trait

Answer 10

variant of character

Question 11

hybrids

Answer 11

offspring of two purebred varieties

Question 12

monohybrid cross

Answer 12

parents differ in one character

Question 13

alleles

Answer 13

alternative versions of a gene

Question 14

homozygous

Answer 14

identical alleles

Question 15

heterozygous

Answer 15

different alleles

Question 16

dominant allele

Answer 16

one that determines organisms appearance

Question 17

heterozygous vs homozygous

Answer 17

Aa vs AA or aa

Question 18

dominant allele vs recessive allele

Answer 18

dominant shows in either heterzygous or homozygous.. recessive shows only on homo.. masked in hetero

Question 19

genotype vs phenotype

Answer 19

phenotype- the organisms physical appearance

genotype - the genetic makeup

Question 20

phenotypic ratio vs genotypic ratio

Answer 20

appearance makeup vs the genetica make

Question 21

define the law of segregation and how it applies to reproduction

Answer 21

both the parents contribute an allele to make the offsprings’ a pair

Question 22

define mendel’s law of independent assortment and explain how it applies to a dihybrid cross

Answer 22

one character doesn’t infuence another.. yellow wrinkles, yellow round, green wrinkles, green round

Question 23

explain how a testcross can be performed to determine an organisms genotype

Answer 23

testcross is mating with a homozygous recessive.. to figure out the parents’s genotype.. wheter het or homozygous

Question 24

explain how and when the rule of multiplication should be used to determine a probability of an event

Answer 24

probability of event is the product of separate probabilies of independent events

Question 25

Explain how a pedigree is used to determine how a particular human trait is inherited

Answer 25

pedigree is a family tree that traces the trait

Question 26

Define a carrier and explein how carriers are revealed in human pedigrees

Answer 26

a carrier has the recessive allele but doesn't show it.. they can pass the the recessive allele to the offspring

Question 27

complete dominance vs incomplete dominance vs codominance

Answer 27

Complete Dominance: Where in the dominant gene completely masks the effect of the resesive gen in heterozygous conditions. Ex. Tt or Rr. Incomplete Dominance: When 2 or more alleles influence a phenotype. Ex. Flowers. Codominance: When both alleles for a gene are expressed in heterozygous offspring. Ex. Bloodtype.

Question 28

explain how the environment influences the expression of traits

Answer 28

exercise effects build, height is influenced by nutrition and excercise

Question 29

explain how chromosomes determine the sex of a human

Answer 29

in sperm half have x half have y..offspring sex is determined on whether sperm that fertilizes egg is an X or Y

Question 30

explain why sex-linked diseases are more common in male humans

Answer 30

they get their X chromosome from their mothers

Question 31

red-green colorblindness vs hemophilia

Answer 31

red green colorblindness is a common sex-linked disorder caused by a malfunction of light sensitive cells in the eyes can see 25 colors mostly males are affected because its on sex chromosome males have 50% chance of colorblindness. hemophilia bleed excessively when injured.hets are affected

Question 32

law of segregation

Answer 32

when sperm and egg unite at fertilizaion, each contributes its alleles restoring the paired condition in the offspring

Question 33

punnet square

Answer 33

highlights the possible combinations of gametes

Question 34

locus

Answer 34

specific location on a gene

Question 35

dihybrid cross

Answer 35

the mating of parental varieties differing in two characters

Question 36

law of independent segregation

Answer 36

the inheritance of once character has no effect on the inheritance of another

Question 37

test cross

Answer 37

a mating between an individual of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive

Question 38

wild type traits

Answer 38

those seen most often in nature

Question 39

pedigree

Answer 39

family tree

Question 40

cystic fibrosis

Answer 40

excessive secretion of thick mucus from lungs pancreas and other organs

Question 41

inbreeding

Answer 41

mating between close blood relatives

Question 42

achondroplasia

Answer 42

a form of dwarfism in which head and torso develop normally but arms and legs are short

Question 43

huntington's disease

Answer 43

a degeneration of the nervous system that doesn't begin until middle age

Question 44

incomplete dominance

Answer 44

the appearance of F1 hybrids falls between the phenotypes of the parents.. red + white = pink

Question 45

hypercholesterolemia

Answer 45

dangerously high levels of cholesterol in the blood Normal have HH heterozygotes have cholesterol levels that are 2x normal

Question 46

codominant

Answer 46

that both alleles are expressed in Heterozygous individuals who have type AB blood

Question 47

pleiotrophy

Answer 47

one gene influences several characters

Question 48

sickle cell disease

Answer 48

disorder characterized by a diverse set of symptoms. red blood cells produce abnormal hemoglobin proteins

Question 49

polygenice inheritance

Answer 49

the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.. height AABBCC or aabbcc

Question 50

linked genes

Answer 50

genes that are located close together on a chromosome