What is a solute
Something that is dissolved
what is a solvent
Something that has things dissolved in it
What is a solution
a solvent with correct solutes dissolved in it
what is specific heat
The amount of energy it takes to raise 1g of something by 1c
Whats cohesion and adhesion
cohesion is molecule attracting to the same type of molecule and adhesion is attracting to a different type.
Whats heat of vaporization
amount of energy that it takes to evaporate 1g of something.
concentration
The amount of a substance (solute) dissolved in another substance (solvent), often measured in molarity.
Hydroxide ion
A negatively charged ion often associated with bases. A solution with a high concentration of hydroxide ions is basic.
Hydronium ion
A positively charged ion ((H^{+})) attached to a water molecule ((H_{2}O)). A solution with a high concentration of hydronium ions is acidic.
acid
A compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen (H3O+) ions when dissolved in water.
base
A substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions, usually by releasing a large number of hydroxide (OH-) ions when dissolved in water
water property: Polarity
Water molecules are polar, meaning they have a slight positive charge on one end and a slight negative charge on the other, allowing them to form hydrogen bonds.
water property: Cohesion
Water molecules are attracted to each other, creating a cohesive force that results in properties like surface tension.
water property: Adhesion
Water molecules are attracted to each other, creating a cohesive force that results in properties like surface tension.
Water property: High specific heat
Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat before its temperature changes, which helps moderate temperature in aquatic environments and living organisms.
Water property: solid is less dense than liquid
Unlike most substances, water is less dense as a solid (ice) than as a liquid. This is because hydrogen bonds form a crystal lattice in ice, holding the molecules farther apart.
Explain water’s polarity.
Water has an unequal sharing of electrons between the electronegative oxygen atom (slight negative charge) and the hydrogen atoms (slight positive charge). This creates a polar molecule, like a tiny magnet.
What are cohesion and adhesion, and how do polarity/hydrogen bonds cause them?
Cohesion: Water molecules stick to each other due to hydrogen bonds.
Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other polar or charged surfaces.
Why are cohesion and adhesion important to living things?
They enable capillary action, allowing water to be transported against gravity from a plant’s roots to its leaves (transpiration stream). Cohesion also creates surface tension, allowing some insects to walk on water.
How does water’s polarity make it a “universal solvent”?
Because it is polar, water can form hydration shells around other polar molecules and ions, effectively dissolving them. This facilitates the transport of nutrients and waste in living organisms.
How do hydrogen bonds affect water’s temperature regulation?
Water has a high specific heat and high heat of vaporization because much energy is needed to break the numerous hydrogen bonds before the temperature increases significantly or before it evaporates.
Why is water’s temperature stability important to living things?
This property helps organisms maintain a stable internal body temperature (homeostasis) and moderates the temperature of large bodies of water, protecting aquatic life. Evaporative cooling (sweating) uses this property to remove excess body heat.
Why does ice float?
As water freezes, hydrogen bonds force the molecules into a crystalline lattice structure with more space between them than in liquid water, making ice less dense.
