biochem

Question 1

amino acids classification

Answer 1

essential
semi essential: synthesised in body but qty very less for requirement.
non essential: synthesised in body alr

Question 2

classification of amino acids based on metabolic fate

Answer 2

glucogenic and ketogenic
ketogenic
glucogenic pure: remaining 14 amino acids

Question 3

non standard amino acids

Answer 3

20 amino acids are primary or secondary amino acids.(they are non-protegenic)
21st amino acid is proteogenic.(seleneocysteine)

Question 4

properties of amino acids

Answer 4

colorless
may be sweet (gly, ala, val) or bitter (arginine)
crystalline
soluble in water

Question 5

optical properties of amino acids based on assymetric chirality.

Answer 5

alpha carbon of amino acid is chiral or optically active.
(exception glycine with 2 @ carbons)

assymetric centre of alpha carbon exist in 2 forms:
D and L, which are enantiomers.

L amino group (NH2) attached on left side.
D amino group (NH2) attached on right side

Question 6

Plasma protein: albumin

Answer 6

most abundant.
single polypeptide of 585 Amino acids

Question 7

Albumin plasma protein functions

Answer 7

1. Contributes 70-80% osmotic pressure
2. transport(hormones,, calcium etc)
3. nutritive

Question 8

decrease in albumin concentration

Answer 8

Hypoalbenima. caused by:
1. protein energy malnutrition
(insufficient protein in diet)
2. liver cirrhosis(synthesis impair)
3. albumin lost in urine
4. Edema, protein falls below 5g% and albumin below 2.5g%.
(water escapes from blood to tissues)

Question 9

Plasma protein 2: Globulins

Answer 9

about 30%-54% of total plasma proteins.
1. alpha and beta globulins synthesised in liver.
2. gamma synthesised in plasma cells

Question 10

Classification of Globulins
1. alpha globulins

Answer 10

alpha globulins.
1. a1
a1 acid glycoprotein, acure inflammation
a1 fetoprotein, tumor marker
a1 globulin inhibitor
a1 anti-trypsin

2. a2
   i. Ceruloplasmin (copper containing protein), increased during pregnancy
   Decreased in Wilson’s disease
   ii. Heptoglobin, prevents loss of hb in urine.
   iii. a2 macro globulins

Question 11

Beta globulins classification

Answer 11

B1 globulins
1. B- lipoproteins (LDL)
2. Transferrin
3. hemopexin

B2 globulins
. Reflect the impairment of glomerular membrane or renal tubules

Gamma globulin

Question 12

gamma globulins

Answer 12

these are immunoglobins.
IgD
IgM
IgA
IgG
IgE

Question 13

alpha and beta globulins and gamma produced in?

Answer 13

a and B produced in liver.
gamma produced in plasma cells

Question 14

proteins of clinical importance
1. bence-jones
2. cyroglobulins
3. fibrinogen

Answer 14

1. bence jones are abnormal immmunoglobulins
2. cryoglobulins precipitate when blood is cooled to low temps.
   often composed of immunoglobulins
   (seen in rh arthritis, lymphomas)
3. Clotting protein produced by the liver.
   (converts into fibrin that provides structure for clotting)

Question 15

functions of plasma proteins

Answer 15

1. nutrition and tissue formation
   (good sources of proteins)
2. viscosity of blood
3. buffer actions. amphoteric proteins
4. Immunity. gamma globulins are antibodies
5. blood coagulation by fibrinogen
6. fluid exchange.Colloidal osmotic pressure maintained
7. carrier of transport.
8. hormones and enzymes(amylase)