MCAT > Biochem Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Biochem Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids are soluble and insoluble in what

A

Soluble in non polar organic solvents, and insoluble in water

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2
Q

Why is membrane component amphipathic

A

Because it has hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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3
Q

What are the3 components of phospholipids

Wahat are the 2 things that attach to the what type of tail

What type of linkage

A

Phosphate and alcohol with hydrophobic fatty acid tail

Phosphodiester linkage

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4
Q

What degree of something will affect how a lipid behaves

A

Degree of saturation and length

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5
Q

What are saturated fatty acids like

In terms of their bonds

Do they have sinlgle or double bonds

Give an example

Are they solid or liquid in room temperature

A

Single bonds solid at room temperature
Butter or animal fat

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6
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids like

In terms of their bonds

Do they have single or double bonds

Are they liquid or solid in room temperature

Give an example

A

Has one or more double bonds

Liquid at room temperature

Olive oil

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7
Q

What do glycolipids have

What group do they have to form polar head
What is it joined to
With what linkage

A

Sugar group that forms polar head group

Hydrophobic fatty acid tail by glycosidic linkage

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8
Q

How can glycolipids be further divided

A

Based on number and types of sugar

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9
Q

Phospholipids can be further classified based on what

A

Backbone structure

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10
Q

Glycerophospholipid

What backbone does it have

What linkages does it have (2)

And they connect what to what

A

Type of phospholipid

With glycerol backbone

Glycerol backbone and two fatty acids bonded by ester linkage

Linkage to highly polar head group through phosphodiester linkage

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11
Q

What does the head group of phospholipids determine

A

The molecule’s surface properties

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12
Q

How does positive negative or neutral nature of head group affect cell membrane and function

A

In signalling and protein interactions

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13
Q

The head group of the phospholipid, how you know what it is

A

Last word of name

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14
Q

Two types of phospholipids

A

Glycero and sphingo

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15
Q

What are sphingolipids

A

Sphingsine or sphingoid backbone

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16
Q

What are ceramides

What is the structure

A

Hydrogen atom is head group

Simplest sphingolipid

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17
Q

What is sphingomyelin

A

Type of phospholipids

Phosphodiester bonds

Myelin sheath

Phosphocholien head group

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18
Q

What is glycosphingolipids

What are they head groups

Found on inside or outside membrane surfaces

A

Head groups sugar
Outside membrane surfaces

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of glycosphingolipisds

How many sugars do they each have

What is the pH normal

A

Cerebrosides (one sugar )

Globosides (2+ sugar )

Neutral

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20
Q

What are gangliosides

A

Glycosphingolipids with oligosacchardies and NANA (Sialic acid )

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21
Q

What is the charge of gangliosides

A

Negative

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22
Q

What are gangliosides important for

A

Cell recognition and signalling

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23
Q

What are waxes

Functional group

What are the 2 components

A

Esters of long chain fatt acids with long chain alcohols

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24
Q

What are waxes for

Specifically for animal and plants specifically

A

Protection for plants and animal

  • plants : preventing excessive evaporation and protection against parasites
  • animals : prevent dehydration, lubriacant, water repellent
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25
Is sphingomeylin a phospholipid or glycolipids
Phospholipid
26
Is glycosphingolipids a phospholipid or glycolipids
Glycolipids
27
Is gangliosides a glycolipids or phospholipid
Glycolipids
28
Functional group of sphingomyelin
Phosphatidylcholine
29
Functional group of glycosphingolipids
Monosaccrides Or any sugar
30
Gangliosides functional group
Oligosacchardies and NANA (sialic acid )
31
Phospholipid backbones
Either glycero or sphingo
32
Similarities between glycero and sphingo phospholipid Differences 2 and 1 difference
Diff : glycerol backbone and sphingosine backbone Same : 2 fatty acids, PO4 and alcohol in it
33
Do glycosphingolipids have PO4 What is their head group
No Sugars
34
There are 3 types of lipid categories
Structural lipids Signalling lipids Energy storage
35
What are terpenes made of
Repeating units of isoprene (C5H8)
36
Carbon counts in multiples of what for terpenes
5
37
What do terpenes do
Precursors to important signalling molecules like steroids and vitamins
38
Terpenes are groups by number of isoprene units What are the suffix for each
Mono Sequi Di Tri Tetra Poly
39
What type of terpene is vitamin a
Ditripene
40
What type of terpenes in carotenoids
Tetraterpenes
41
What are terpenoids What is added or changed (2)7
Chemically modified terpenes Oxygen containing groups added or carbon skeleton rearranged
42
What is steroid structure like
3 cyclohexane ring 1 cyclepentane
43
Steroids have high or low affinity receptors Do they work at low or high concentrations
High infinity, work at low concentrations
44
What do steroids do
Affect gene expression and metabolism
45
What does cholesterol do What is it an example of
Controls membrane fluidity and stability Precursor for other molecules Type fo steroid
46
What do prostaglandins do
Smooth muscle contractions, Control body temperature Sleep wake cycle Fever and pain
47
Are prostaglandins autocrine or paracrine signalling molecules What thing do they regulate levels of
Regulate cAMP Both
48
Prostaglandins are derived from what
Arachidonic acid
49
What are some fat soluble vitamins
A,d,e,k
50
Vitamin A what are the compounds
Retinol Retinal Retinoic acid
51
What does vitamin A relate to
Eyes Light sensing molecule
52
Vitamin D scientific compound
D2 and D3
53
Provitamin A is for what
Carotenoids Antioxidant eye health
54
What is vitamin D for
Bone metabolism Immune health
55
What doles vitamin E do what is it
Antioxidant Prevents oxidative damage
56
What are scienctic components in vitamin E
Tocopherols Tocotrienols
57
What is vitamin K scientific compounds 2
Phylloquinone Menaquinones
58
What is vitamin K for
Bone clotting factors Bone protein Increase calcium binding
59
Diterpene has how many carbons
20
60
Steroids vs steroid hormone difference
Steroid is defined by structure Steroid hormone is something that also functions as a hormone, travels in blood stream, active in low concentrations, high affinity and affects gene expression and metabolism
61
NSAIDS block prostaglandin production to reduce pain and inflammation . What do prostaglandins do to bring about these symptoms
Regulate cAMP. It is involved in many pathways of driving pain and inflammation
62
Which lipid is responsible for energy storage in body
Triacylglycerols
63
Why are triacylglycerols efficient for energy storage (2)
They yield more energy per unit when they are oxidized because the carbon atoms of fatty acids are more reduced They also don’t carry water weight and are much more compact for storage as they are hydrophobic
64
What are triacylglycerols connected to
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, ester linkages to glycerol
65
Animals cells use storage of triacylglycerols deposited, what they called
Adipocytes
66
What are free fatty acids
Fatty acid that isn’t attached to anything Unesterified form There is still carboxylate group for interactions to happen
67
The best way to get free fatty acids is by
Saponification Ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using a strong base like NaOH
68
When placing triglycerides in aqueous solution, the soap molecules become arranged into structures called
Micelles
69
How do micelles work
Polar head - hydrophilic environment Non polar tail : oriented inwards to interact with interior of molecule
70
Does our body prefer storing energy as glycogen and triacylgecerools
Triacylglyceorls
71
What bonds are broken during saponificaiton What are the products
Ester bonds of triacylglycerols are broken to form a glycerol molecule and salts of fatty acids which are soaps
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