MCAT > Biology Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of which 3 things

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

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2
Q

How does blood pump process deoxygenated and oxygenated

A

Deoxygenated blood comes in through right atrium then right ventricle then to pulmonary arteries then to lungs for reoxyegentation

Oxygenated blood enters through pulmonary veins then left atrium then left ventricle then out to rest of body through aorta

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3
Q

What is pulmonary circulation vs systemic circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation is the first pump into lungs with deoxygenated blood

Systemic circulation is the return of oxygenated blood to heart and to rest of hte body

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4
Q

Atrium’s blood can come from which 3 things

A

Super vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary veins

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5
Q

When the ventricles fill they then ____ so blood is pushed to next step

A

Contract

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6
Q

Atria is separated from ventricle by what valve

A

Atrioventricular valves

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7
Q

Ventricle and vascular urge is separated by

A

Semilunar valves

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8
Q

What do valves do in heart

A

Create pressure to move blood and prevent backflow

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9
Q

Tricuspid and biscuspid which one is it

A

Left atrium bicuspid/mitral
Right atrium tricuspid

How many leaflets there are

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10
Q

What are the two types of semilunar valves and where are they

How many leaflets on each

A

Pulmonary valve - right ventricle to pulmonary circulation
Aortic valve - left ventricle from aorta

3 on each

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11
Q

Why is the left side of heart more muscular

A

Needs more pressure to pump to rest of body

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12
Q

What is the pathway of signal excitation

A

Sinoatrial
Atrioventricular
Bundle of his
Purkinje fibres

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13
Q

Where does impulse initiation start
Which node
Doles it require neurological in put
What does it do

A

SA node
Right atrium
No neurological input

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14
Q

What causes blood to flow in ventricle to Atrium , what systole

Does the heart only do this to fill ventricle

A

Contraction
Atrial systole
- additional blood called atrial kick

No ventricle get filled passively too

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15
Q

Neurological input to heart is used to what and not what

A

Speed up and slow rate of contraction

Not generating it in the first place

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16
Q

How many beats per minute are generated by SA node

A

60-100

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17
Q

After sinoatrial node, the signal goes to
Where is this sitting at
What is the signal like

A

atrioventircular node (AV node)
Junction between atrium and ventricle

Delayed so ventricles can be fully filled before contracting

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18
Q

After AV node where does signal go

What do these 2 do

What are these muscles connect by what and for what reason

A

Bundle of his and branches
Purkinje fibres

Distribute electrical signalling through ventricular muscle

Intercalated discs, many gap junctions so there can coordinated ventricular contraction

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19
Q

Heart beat is looking at rhythm of which node

Athletes have lower or higher

A

SA node (60-100)

Lower

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20
Q

P wave is when
QRS wave is when

A

P is before atria contract

QRS is before ventricle contract

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21
Q

Circulatory system is under what type of control

A

Autonomic

Sympathetic (faster contraction) and parasympathetic (vagus nerve)

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22
Q

Systole heartbeat
Diastole heartbeat
Which one is LUB AND DUB
What is happening and these times

A

Systole (LUB)
- ventricular contraction and closing of AV valves, blood is pumped out ventricles

Diastole (DUB)
- ventricles relaxed, semilunar valves close, blood from atria fills ventricles

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23
Q

What is cardiac output, also does it matter which ventricle we use

A

Total blood volume pumped by ventricle in a minute ( any ventricle can be used because same amount )

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24
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output (CO)

And how much is usual CO

A

Heart rate x stroke volume
5 litres per minute

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25
Arteries vs veins vs capillaries What is biggest artery, what are example of arteries What is example of main vein How doles blood travel from artery to vein (5)
Blood travels away from heart in arteries Blood travels towards heart in veins Aorta Common carotids, subclavian,renal arteries Vein : superior and inferior vena cava Arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins
26
Alll blood vessels are lined with what cells What do they do (3)
Endothelial cells Maintain vessel by releasing chemical for vasodilation and vasoconstriction WBCs to pass for inflammatory response Release chemicals for blood clots to form and stop bleeding
27
More smooth muscles in arteries or veins , and why
Arteries Vasoconstriction and vasodilation , to support the pressure of blood away from heart
28
Which arteries are the onyl ones that contain deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary arteries Umbilical arteries
29
Capillaries burst to create
Bruise
30
More volume of blood in arteries or veins A
Veins
31
How do arteries and veins push blood forward
Arteries have smooth muscles Veins have valves that push blood forward and prevent back flow, Also they have skeletal muscles that help push
32
If veins have blood where valves don’t work it leads to
Varicose veins
33
How many portal systems are in the body, what are they and what they do
3 Hepatic portal system: blood leaving capillary beds of gut pass though hepatic portal vein before reaching capillary beds in liver Hypophyseal portal system: blood leaving hypothalamus capillary beds goes to capillary bed in anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones. Renal portal system: blood leaving glomerulus goes through efferent arteriole before surrounding nephron in a capillary network called vasa recta.
34
Most blood passes through how many beds of capillaries
Usually 1 bed There are 3 exceptions which are portal systems
35
The liquid portion of blood is called What does it have
Plasma Nutrients, salts , respiratory gases hormones and blood proteins
36
If you refine plasma you get? And what is it the removal of
Removing clotting factors to make serum
37
Cellular portion of blood contains
Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
38
All blood cells are formed from what stem cells? Where do they come from
Hematopoietic stem cells Bone marrow
39
Compostion of blood by percentage
55 percent plasma 45 percent RBCs 1 percent platelets and WBCs
40
What is main purpose of RBCs What does it use to transport oxygen
Oxygen transport Has millions of molecules of hemoglobin on each RBCS which can each bind 4 molecules of oxygen
41
Why are RBCs biconcave or idented on both sides (2)
- helps with travelling through small capillaries - increases surface area so more gas exchange
42
How is there space for hemoglobin on RBCs What benefit is there to being no mitochondria Benefit to no nuclei
When they mature, nuclei, mitochondria and other organelles are lost so there is space No mitochondria - oxygen wont be consumed before delivery to peripheral tissues No nuclei- unable to divide
43
RBCs do not use ________ method to generate ATP, they use ___________ for ATP with __________ as the main byproduct
Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis Lactic acid
44
How long can RBCs live in bloodstream before recycling
120 days
45
Difference between hemoglobin and hematocrit in testing
Hemoglobin - quantity of hemoglobin in blood Hematocrit- how much of blood sample consists of RBCs
46
Normal hemoglobin values for men and women Also which one is wider range, and which higher
Women- 13.5-17.5 Men - 12 - 16 Men wider, women higher
47
Normal hematorcrit levels men and women
Men 41-53% Women 36-46%
48
WBCs are for what and when do they drastically increase
Defenders again pathogens, foreign cells or cancer or any cells that aren’t ours When there’s an infection
49
2 types of leukocytes (WBCs)
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
50
What are the 3 types of granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
51
Why are they called granulocytes
They have granules visible under microscope , that are toxic to invading microbes and can be released through exocytosis
52
What do granulocytes do
Inflammatory reactions, allergies, pus, destroying bacteria and parasites
53
What are 2 agranulocytes and how are they different form granulocyte structure
No granules Lymphocytes and monocytes
54
What are lymphocytes for
Targeted fight against specific bacteria or viruses They can be primary responders or act like memory bank for another day’s attack
55
Many vaccine work by training our What do they expose to it
Lymphocytes Weakened pathogen or antigenic properties
56
Lymphocytes maturation happens in 1 of how many locations What are the 2 types and where they mature
Mature in Bone marrow- B cells Mature in thymus - T cells
57
What are B cells lymphocytes for What are T cell lymphocytes for
Antibody generation Virally infect cells and activate other immune cells
58
What do monocytes do When monocytes leave bloodstream to enter organ they are called
Phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria Macrophages
59
When macrophages enter : When they enter CNS they are called When they enter skin they are called In bone, they are called
Microglia Langerhans cells Osteoclasts
60
Another word for platelets
Thrombocytes
61
Where are platelets released from
Bone marrow
62
What do platelets do
Help blood clotting
63
Production of blood cells and platelets is called What is it triggered by
Hematopoiesis Hormones, GF and cytokines
64
Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin where are they secreted and what they make
Secreted by kidney for RBCs development Secreted by liver for platelet development
65
Surface proteins on RBCs called What does it do
Antigens Any specific target to which immune system can react
66
What are the two antigen families about blood group
ABO antigens and Rh factor
67
Homozygous recessive genotype of blood group is blood type
O
68
If there is A allele on one chromosome and B allele on the other chromosome , what happens
Both will be expressed to get AB blood group
69
If one chromosome is A and one chromosome is O , then what happens and how can it be indicated
It becomes A because A is dominant I(A)I
70
If someone has type A blood and is exposed to B what antibodies would we make
It would make B and AB antibodies
71
Is A or B more dominant
They are codominant
72
Which blood type is universal donor Why
O Would not cause ABO related hemolysis, O blood does not immune response
73
Which blood type is universal recipient Why
AB - they have no blood antigen foreign to them O will produce both A and B antibodies so they can only have O
74
Transfusion do they give full blood or do they remove stuff
Just RBCs not plasma
75
Why do A allele blood type people have anti B autibodies without given exposure
E. coli in gut may have proteins that match the alleles Source of exposure already
76
What does Rh positive and negative mean How many positive alleles of Rh are needed for that protein expressions
The presence of specific allele D One positive alleles is enough because autosomal dominant inheritance
77
What happens if you are Rh- and your first baby has Rh+, what about after babies
It is okay because your body will start makign antibodies but first baby by the time you’re done, the baby would be out already. But after that, these anti Rh antibodies can go past placenta and attack fetal cells , leading to hemolysis
78
What is it called where mothers rh antibodies attack fetus
Erythroblastosis fetalis
79
Why does ABO mistmatch in babies not as scary as Rh mismatch
Because Rh mismatch IgG antibodies can go across placenta but AB antigens which are IgM can’t go past placenta
80
What is high blood pressure called and what it do to vessels
Hypertension Damage vessels and organs
81
What is used to measure blood pressure What does it really calculate
Sphygmomanometer Calculates the force exerted on blood vessel wall
82
Blood pressure is indicated as two numbers what are there and why do they occur
Systole ventricular contraction Diastole is ventricular relaxation
83
Normal blood pressure is
90/60
84
Largest drop in blood pressure happens across And why
Arterioles Because the presssure needs to drop before entering capillaries they can’t handle pressure
85
How to calculate pressure differential across circulation (P)
Cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistant (TPR)
86
Which vessels act like resistors in a circuit
Arterioles and capillaries
87
What is resistance in vessels based on (3)
Resistivity Length Cross sectional area
88
The longer the vessel, the ____ the resistance
More
89
The larger the cross sectional area of blood vessel, the _______ the resistance
Less
90
Blood pressure is regulated using what receptors What does these receptors do What can they do
Baroreceptors Can detect changes in mechanical forces on vessel walls - vasoconstriction and dilation
91
What receptor is in blood vessels To detect dehydration And what it do
Chemoreceptors Blood osmolarity too high , dehydration, then release ADH to promote reabsoprotion of water, increasing blood volume and pressure Also aldosterone increases reabsorption of sodium, then water and then also increa blood volume and pressure
92
How does ANP lower blood pressure
Aids in loss of salt in nephron
93
Binding and release of oxygen from iron atom in the heme group is what type of reaction
Oxidation and reduction
94
Normal level of oxygen in blood
70-100mmHg
95
What is oxygen saturation and how much should it be
Percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen 97%
96
Heme’s oxygen attachment in lungs is what feedback loop How do the oxygens and detach like what happens
Positive because there is increasing affinity for oxygen for heme Hemoglobin relaxes and goes through conformational change, once all the heme subunits are bound to oxygen, one oxygen is removed to conform change adn reduce affinity for oxygen so that oxygen an leave heme groups.
97
Allosteric regulation of oxygen attachment to heme is called ________ and leads to what type of oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve
Cooperative binding S shaped
98
Vast majority of CO2 exists in where in blood, like as in what ion
Bicarbonate ion
99
High CO2 is higher or lower pH
Lower pH
100
Right shift in carbon oxygen hco3 equation shows greater or lower unloading of oxygen in tissue
Higher
101
Cause of right shift of oxyhemoglobin curve What are 4 things that occur on curve then
Exercise - increased CO2, increased H+ - decreased pH - increased temperature
102
Fetal hemoglobin has a higher or lower affinity for oxygen than adult That is why the curve shifts to the _____ for fetal hemoglobin
Higher Left shifted
103
Where are carbs and amino acids aborsped in blood
Capillaries of small intestine. Hepatic portal system
104
Where is fat absorbed through blood
Lacteals in small intestine
105
Where are wastes gone from tissues to capillaries
Concentration gradient and eventually to kidneys
106
Where hormones enter blood circulation
In or near organ where hormone is released
107
What are the two pressure gradients that help maintain balance of blood volume and solute concentration
1. Hydrostatic pressure : force blood exerts of vessel walls - pressure pushed fluid out of bloodstream through capillaries (LEAK) 2. Osmotic pressure - drawing water into bloodstream generated by solutes
108
Because osmotic pressure is attributed to plasma proteins, it is called
Oncotic pressure
109
In arterioles, is hydrostatic pressure or oncotic pressure more Influx or efflux of water
Hydrostatic pressure ( pushing fluid out ) is higher than oncotic pressure ( drawing fluid in ) Efflux of water
110
In venules, is hydrostatic pressure or oncotic pressure more Influx or efflux of water
Hydrostatic pressure ( pushing fluid out ) is lower than oncotic pressure ( drawing fluid in ) Influx of water
111
Hydrostatic pressure is dependant on blood pressure generated by which 2 things
Heart and elastic arteries
112
Osmotic pressure is dependant on
Number of particles dissolved in plasma
113
Balance of opposing pressures is called what forces
Starling forces
114
Too much water excessively in interstitial results in what condition
Edema
115
How does lymphatic fluid go back into circulatory system channel name
Thoracic duct
116
Clots are made of 2 components
Coagulation factors which are proteins Platelets
117
When the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged, the underlying _______ tissue is exposed adn it contains collagen and protein called _________
Connective Tissue factor
118
How do platelets know where to go to help exposed vessel And what do coagulation factors do
Contact with exposed collagen and sense there is injury Release contents and aggregate to clump together Coagulation factors sense tissue factors and initiate a complex activation cascade
119
What organ secrete coagulation factors
Liver
120
End point of cascade for coagulation factors is the activation of _____ into _______ by _________. Second _____ can then conver _______ into _______
Prothrombin Thrombin Thromboplastin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin
121
Clots that are broken down after are done by ____ which were initially _____
Plasmin Plasminogen
122
Conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion is done with what enzyme
Carbonic anhydrase
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