1
Q
what is the main biochemical buffer in urine
A
Phosphate
2
Q
Which cell adhesion molecules are dependent on calcium ions to function?
A
cadhederin
3
Q
major tumor supressor
A
P53
4
Q
What is the main extracellular Cation?
A
Sodium
5
Q
What is the main intracellular Cation?
A
potassium and anion is phosphate
6
Q
Which nucleotide is unique to DNA?
A
thymine
Uracil is unique to RNA
7
Q
In the foetus where is the principle site of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) production
A
Liver
8
Q
Where in the body are ketone bodies produced during times of starvation
A
Liver
9
Q
What of the following is a major biochemical buffer in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
A
protein and phosphates
10
Q
Which of the following is used in protein analysis?
A
Western blotting
11
Q
Northern blotting is
A
RNA
12
Q
In times of starvation which ketone body listed below can be utilised by the heart for energy?
A
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
13
Q
Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of
A
Protein S
Vitamin K dependent clotting factors memory aid: 1972 (1o, 9,7, 2)- Proteins C, S and Z
- Osteocalcin and GLA protein
14
Q
Which cell adhesion molecules that bind leucocyte
A
Selectins
15
Q
Caused of the prolongation of PT time
A
Causes of prolonged Prothrombin time (PT) and also INR (INR is a ratio of PT):
Factor V deficiency
Warfarin therapy
Liver Failure
DIC
16
Q
What activates te fibrinogen to finrin
A
Thrombin
17
Q
In a chromosome the ratio of DNA to histone is
A
1:1
18
Q
which are the linker histones
A
H1 and H5
19
Q
the biochemical process that utilises pyruvate to form ATP
A
Krebs cycle
20
Q
Which organeele is responsible for holding mRNA for translation
A
ribosomes
21
Q
what happens to the TBG in pregnancy
A
Increases
22
Q
Bilirubin is bound to
A
Albumin in circulation
23
Q
what are the four causes of hypernatremia
A
Cons, cushings, hypertonic saline, Diabetes insipidous
24
Q
what are the three hormones released by kidney
A
1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol, and renin and erythopeitin
25
what are the three components whose concentration in the CSF is lower than that in the plasma
pOTASSIUM, GLUCOSE AND Protein
26
CRP is produced in----- and in functionally analogous to
Liver and ana
27
What are the causes of raised AFP
Ovaria and testicular malignancy
Hepatoma
Pregnancy
Choriocarcinoma
28
nuclein acid are formed from
nucleotide likebked by 3-5 phosphodiesterase bond
29
what are the recognised histones family
H1/H5, h2a, h2b, H3, H4
30
To form nucleosomes DNA is wraped around
Histones octamer
31
how are m rna produced
transcription. they are monocistronic- One m rna trnaslates one protein.
Svedberg unit
32
true or false
Mature M RNA does not contains introns or exon
True
33
In a eukaryotic cell Ribosomes RNA have two units -
60 S AND 40S
R rna are more stable than m rna
34
which nucleic acid has clover lead secondary structure
t-RNA
Accounts for 15% of total RNA
35
Transcriptions is
conversion of dna to m rna
RNA Polymerase 1- r rna
2- mRNA
3- rRNA and t RNA
coded in 5-3 fashion
antisense dna is transcribed
occurs in nucleus
36
introns begin with and end with
5GU andn end with AG3
37
Malignanant cells are most sensitive to the anti-metabolite chemotherapy at which stage
S
38
what cuts the DNA into fragments
restriction endonucleases
39
Vectors are
DNA species that can enter a cell and replicate within them
includes plasmid and bacteriopjage
40
which is an essential amino acid in fetus but not in adults
cystein
41
uric acid concentration ---- in EARLY pregnancy
decreases however in pet INCREASES
42
where is urea reabsorbed **passively**
Urea is FREELY filtered by the glomerulus and 50%reabsorbed in the pct passively
43
carrier mediated secreation of the urea in the tubular fluid is in
descending loop of henle
44
where in the kidney is the carrier mediated urea reabsorption
Medullary collecting duct
45
urea reabsorption is ---- proportional to urine flow
INDIRECTLY and is controlled by ADH
46
what are the components that can be broken down by glycolysis
glucose, fructose and galactose
Occurs in cytoplasm and does not require oxygen
47
phospohofructokinase is important in
Breakdown of glycolysis
48
Which hormone is secreted by the placenta and fetal adrenal gland, and promotes maturation of the fetal lungs?
cortisol
49
Lancefield grouping of streptococci is based on the presence of which component?
carbohydrate antigen on cell wal
50
deep circumflex iliac artery is a branch of
External iliac artery
51
Which of the following potential mechanisms is more likely to cause tissue damage from ultrasound exposure?
cavitation
52
What percentage of women with overactive bladder have urinary incontinence?
1:3- 33% women experience urge incontinence
53
Premenopausal estrogen is mainly produced by which cells?
ovarian granulosa cell
in post menopausal woman the fat cell are responsible for the estrogen production
54
What is the major estrogen produced by the placenta during pregnancy?
estriol
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a precursor steroid hormone from the fetal adrenal gland, not a final estrogen product.
55
The Eighth Confidential Enquiry into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom defines maternal mortality as:
number of direct or indirect deaths in 1,00,000 pregnancies
56
What electrolyte imbalance can cause paralytic ileus?
hypokalemia
57
Implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium typically begins around
day7
58
grey coloration of teeth is linked to
tetracycline
Chloramphenicol may cause “gray baby syndrome,” but not tooth staining.
59
What drug can be given to reverse myelosuppression in methotrexate toxicity?
folinic acid
60
What is the most common congenital solid tumour of the newborn?
neuroblastoma
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
→ Most common congenital tumour overall, but often cystic or mixed, not purely solid
61
What is the function of DNA polymerase?
proofreading and replacing mismatched pairs
62
Oxybutynin is contraindicated in
closed angle glucoma
63
Which one of the following is a circulatory blood cell that is capable of differentiation into plasma cells?
b lymphocyte
64
Which immunoglobulin class has a pentameric structure and is unable to cross the placenta?
ig m
65
Which of the following clotting factors remain unchanged in normal pregnancy?
2,5,9
66
What percentage of Down syndrome cases occur due to Robertsonian Translocation?
3%
90% non disjunction
10% if the mother is a carrier
67
Which neurotransmitter is secreted onto the adrenal medulla?
acetylcholine-is released onto chromafin cell
68
LH peak precedes ovulation by:
16 hrs
69
Which enzyme in the renal tubular cells is responsible for production of ammonia?
glutaminase
It converts the glutamine to glutamate and releaces ammonia aiding acid base
70
What is the embryonic origin of the trigone of urinary bladder?
mesonephric duct
rest of xthe bladder is made from urogenital sinus
71
A neoplasm of the female genital tract occurring in an 18-year-old girl whose mother was treated with diethylstilbestrol during the pregnancy is likely to be a:
clear cell carcinoma of the vagina
72
Sonographically, fluid appears:
anechoic
73
Plasma concentration of estrogen increases throughout pregnancy. By 40 weeks, the concentration of estriol increased to estradiol by how much times?
20 times
74
(HPV) subtypes is high-risk for the development of genital warts?
6,11
75
Where does fatty acid synthesis occur within the cell?
cytosol
76
How many days does it take from the resting follicle stage to ovulation?
375 days- fulliculogenesis
77
The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) will decrease the risk of which cancer?
colorectal cancer
78
Which ovarian tumor is associated with Meig’s syndrome?
ovarian fibroma
Mucinous – Associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei, not Meig’s.
79
karyotype of edwards syndrome
TRISOMY OF CHROMOSOME 18
80
'Donovan bodies' are associated with?
granuloma inguinae
81
In the developing fetal testis, the cells that produce mullerian-inhibiting substance are the:
sertoli cell
82
calcitonin is produced by
C cell parafollicular cell
Chief cell- produces parathyroid hormone
83
Choriocarcinoma is a malignant form of gestational trophoblastic disease. When Choriocarcinoma metastasizes, it has a propensity for which type of spread?
haematogenous (mostly to the lungs)
84
Which of the following metabolic processes produces the most energy needed for uterine contraction during parturition?
oxidative phosphorylation yields the highest energy
85
Which vessels can possibly be injured in the subcutaneous tissue when a transverse suprapubic skin incision is made?
superficial epigastric vessel
86
which cells are strongly associated with high β-hCG states, such as molar pregnancy.
theca lutein cells
87
The rectum originates from posterior division of which structure?
primitive cloaca
88
Which process occurs in the mitochondria where electrons transport are used to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
oxidative phosphorylation
89
Lithium therapy during pregnancy increases the risk of congenital anomalies in which organ?
heart Ebstein’s anomaly (malformation of the tricuspid valve)
90
duchene muscular dystrophy inheritence pattern
X-linked recessive
91
When should the prophylactic dose of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) be stopped before regional analgesia?
12 hrs
92
Which of the following enzyme deficiencies leads to elevated phenylalanine levels and intellectual disability if untreated?
phenylalanine hydroxylase
93
Which metabolic conditions is characterized by a deficiency of homogentisate oxidase?
alkaptonuria
94
primary role of glutathione in red blood cells
reduces hydrogen peroxide to water
95
Where in the body are ketone bodies produced during times of starvation
liver
96
