Birmingham

Question 1

what major economic shift occured from the 1970s-1990s

Answer 1

deindustrialisation with significant job losses especially in gun-making and metal goods

Question 2

What tole did the local government play in birminghams economic change

Answer 2

they promoted inward investment, creating strategy and attracted partners

Question 3

What were the socio economic characteristics of birmingham before economic change

Answer 3

-Major industrial and manufacturing centre
-economy was secondary sector
-city experienced sus

Question 4

what was birmingham known as

Answer 4

the city of a thousand trades

Question 5

what % of employment was in metal manufacturing in the early 1950s

Answer 5

around 50%

Question 6

what % of employment was male

Answer 6

60%

Question 7

what were the demographic characteristics before the change

Answer 7

-rapid population growth
-predominantly white british
-population strucutre was young(high birth rates

Question 8

why was there rapid population growth before the shift

Answer 8

-rural to urban migration during industrialisation
-post war immigration from Carribbean in 1950s

Question 9

what caused the strong work class culture

Answer 9

trade unions

Question 10

What were the environmental characteristics before the shift

Answer 10

-high pollution( high sulfer dioxide emission from factories which polluted rivers and canals)
-dense inner city housing(back to back housing)
-minimal green space

Question 11

What year did deindustrialisation start to take place?

Answer 11

1970s

Question 12

Why did deindustrialisation occur in the 1970s?

Answer 12

-globalisation and cheaper manufacting abroad( overseas competitors)
-change in technology reduces the demand for labour
-decline in the Uks vehicle industry

Question 13

what % of people were unemployed in 1982?

Answer 13

19.4%

Question 14

what did deindustrilastion cause for employment sectors

Answer 14

shift from secondary to tertiary and quaternary

Question 15

How did the employment in metal goods and vehicles change from in 1980s-2000s

Answer 15

28% to 6%

Question 16

How did employment in finance change from 1980-2000

Answer 16

7%-21% increase

Question 17

what are the 4 players involved in economic change in birmingham?

Answer 17

-local government
-national government
-private sector
-supranational players eg EU

Question 18

What did the local government do?( birmingham city council)

Answer 18

-supported flagship development
-used planning controls and the green belt to manage urban expansion
-led urban regeneration and rebranding

Question 19

What did the national government do?

Answer 19

-created the birmingham heartlands development co-operation(1992- regenerate brownfield industrial land)
-created regenerational schemes like the city challenge

Question 20

What did the national government support the expansion of?

Answer 20

Birmingham Airport

Question 21

How was the private sector a player?

Answer 21

the bullring redevelopment( this repositioned birmingham as a regional service hub)

Question 22

How is the supranational player involved(EU)?

Answer 22

the Eu gave £235 million in funding in 2014-2020 to support small businesses, housing improvement and skills development. This helped support birminghams integration into the global economy

Question 23

What are the negatives and positives of change on people and place?

Answer 23

-increased deprivation in inner city
-houses abandoned- cant afford to live
-long term unemployment(they have no skills)
-hoolaganism- 1981 riots
-ethnic tension
+increased diversity(53% white british compared to average of 80%)
+younger population(38% under 24
+multicultural identity
+improved environmental quality
+regen of brownfield sites

Question 24

what did the growth of the service sector cause?

Answer 24

job polarisation( when middle skilled jobs become low skilled because theres no one to fill them so u have really high skilled jobs and really low skilled so little opportunities thereofre high paid professionals and low paid service workers)

Question 25

why did small business struggle?

Answer 25

-no disposable income from customers -rising rents in regenerated areas

Question 26

who are the De Birmingham family- 1166

Answer 26

They bought a royal charter- a percent in a market increasing trade promotion

Question 27

Who is Matthew Boulton 1761

Answer 27

-opened the first factory which was backed by the government, he hired 700 employees

Question 28

What was built in 1838?

Answer 28

-The connecting train from london to birmingham that transported products and workers from the factories

Question 29

In the 19th century, what factory opened?

Answer 29

Bournville facotry

Question 30

How many people did the tyre company hire in 1917

Answer 30

100,000

Question 31

In the Mid 19th century what happened to the vehicle industry

Answer 31

Austin car plant opens. The vehicle industry expansion encourages 100s of smaller firms to move into the city allowing for agglomeration economies= high tax, multiplier effect available