Case study knowledge

Question 1

malaria

Answer 1

malaria is communicable, infectious not contagious created by the female anopheles mosquitos injecting plasmodium parasites like p.vivax into humans

40-20 degrees breeding, stagnant water pools needed, areas like Gambella suffer more, above 4000m is too cold for survival hence disappearing of malaria in ethiopian highlands like Addis ababa

100,000 deaths
60m ethiopians are at risk(2/3 of pop)
70,000 deaths annually
5million cases annually
30% of DALYS lost
40% if national healthcare budget and 10% of all hospital visits
ITNs prioritised to pregnant women and under 5s

farmers sleep in open barns and work at night in summer( peak transmission) as its cooler but mosquitos are most active. Irrigation in the awash valley can lead to more stagnant water pools. People avoid working in the malaria risk lowlands so the nutrient lowlands are underused worsening food security.

you need many reinfections to build enough immunitiy
major malaria epidemics often hit every 5-8 years
malaria deters tourism

the US president with the PMI initiative invested $500million to distribute 50 million ITNs and carrying out indoor residual spraying in over 12 million homes. This allowed 70% of homes to now be protected

Question 2

cancer

Answer 2

Uk citizens are 170% more likely to smoke if live in poverty
3% melanoma rise
11% wear sun scream
1/2 get cancer but only 1/4 deaths
7/10 people who have lung cancer smoke

Question 3

Haiti and cholera

Answer 3

poorest country in western hemisphere
60% in poverty

More than 90% of people lived in slums before outbreak
half had no access to toilets
82 hospitals damaged from the 2010 earthquake
10,000 NGOs present

Nepalese aid workers stationed around the Artibonite river are believed to of introduced cholera

820,000 cases and 10,000 deaths in 4 years shows how quick spread is

After earthquake the destruction of hospitals, sanitation, disrupted clean water supplies and overcrowded slums breeding water borne disease

the red cross- built 13000 latrines each serving 200 people and delivered clean water

cuban doctors- treated more than 75,000 cholera cases

they ran educational campgaigns teaching people how to avoid infection to slow community transmission

Question 4

Afghan

Answer 4

IMR decreased by 50% when NATO intervened and was reversed when they left

Question 5

Northwood and Jebatisan Besi

Answer 5

$188,000 compaired to $4 a day

Question 6

Indonesia earthquke

Answer 6

its an archipelago located on the indo-austrlian and eurasian plates

75% live within a 100km of a volcano that has erupted in the last 100,000 years

114 volcanos have caused fatalities
explosive volcanos mainly
example: krakatau in 1883 causing large tsunami

mount merapi:
2010 eruption year
3000m tall, strato volcano las erupted in 2006
A dome that was developed in the crater collapsed causing pyroclastic flows of VEI4

367 killed
farmers hired by the government to clear volcanic ash
410,000 became refugees
refugee camps became flooded with lung diseases
closure of airport for over 2 weeks

pyroclastic flows ejecting 130m of material
lahar as it was the start of the rainy season
acid rain

Question 7

Japan earthquake

Answer 7

63 killed
airport closure for 2 weeks
1100 firefighters and medical personell deployed
soils became rich in iron
2/3 of over 60s were effected
90% of deaths were from drowning
farmland damaged from all the salt
livestock killed
fukishma disaster meant farmland 30km near couldnt be used as radioactive

3000m tall
27th sep 2014
110 active volcanos
4 tectonic plates meet
subduction occurs
stratovolcano

tsnumani was 40.5m tall
26,000 buildings destroyed
27,000 missing
honshu island moved 2.4m east
undersea earthquake
reached california coast

japan jma
-p wave system then 30seconds before s wave arrivance
-1st september national awareness day- great kanto
-1950 building law

fukushisma disaster
earthquke and tsunami damaged the nuclear power plant leaking radioactivity
government asked elderly to help clean as they have less expected life years

Question 8

haiti earthquake

Answer 8

conservative plate
51 aftershockss
destroyed 82 hospitals
12th jan 2010
22 gov buildings destroyed with high rankings killed
50% had no fresh water before
death toll is 10,000 but could be 8 times more
in 2019 $11b in aid sent
10,000 NGOs present
remittances were 25% of GDP and 20% aid
80% of buildings fell in Port-au-Prince
After 10 years 30,000 still in refugee camps

Question 9

Indonesia strategies to manage volcanic eruptions

Answer 9

modify vulnerability
first seismograph in 1924 for mount merapi
political tension caused less monitoring low priority
indonesia has a centre for volcanic and geological hazards called CVGHM- they upgraded there equipment in the recent years so now they can now monitor up to 60 volcanos
high lahar threats especially in rainy season
most villiages vulnerable as 110 volcanos

modify event
nothing done as lIC

modifing loss
well trained services
lic so limited resources
little insurance schemes
temporary shelters
river channels cleared to prevent flooding and stop lahar movement

Question 10

italy managing volcanic eruptions

Answer 10

etna
religious mama
no more than 77 killed in last 2700 years

modyfying event
lava diversion channels
concrete blocks
evacuation setups
has had successful slowing and diverting lava

modyfying loss
well trained public services
italian gov resources for compensation
evacuation was in good time so minimal loss

modyfying vulnerability
24/7 monitoring
closure of airports
alert sequences
international volcano comparison
analysis of eruption patterns

vesuvius
false alarms are very expensive mistakes
evacuation plans critisised
close to naples
violent hisory
600,000 live in red zone
low survival rates like pompei

Question 11

effusive and supervolcano example

Question 12

air pollution in India

Answer 12

most poplus country with pop of 1.4b
PM are particulates 2.5 that can penetrate into lungs
these are formed by kerosene burning
99% of indians breathe air above WHOs guidelines
House hold air pollution causes 6.7m deaths annually
fine particle concentration has increased by 69% over the past 20 years
Delhi citizens are expected to loose around 5-10 years
50% of children in Bangladore suffer from asthma- highest in the world