What was the Ottoman Empire’s general position in Europe around 1700?
It was still large and powerful but beginning a long-term military and administrative decline.
Why is 1699 considered a major turning point for the Ottoman Empire in Europe?
Because it marks the first major and permanent territorial losses to European powers.
Which European power was the main challenger to the Ottomans between 1699 and 1739?
Austria (the Habsburg Monarchy).
Why was Austria able to challenge the Ottomans first?
Because it bordered Ottoman territory directly and focused on Danube and Central European security.
Why did Austria stop being the main anti-Ottoman power after 1739?
Because Balkan wars were costly and Austria faced more serious threats elsewhere in Europe.
Which power replaced Austria as the main challenger to the Ottomans from the late 18th century?
Russia.
Why was Russia interested in weakening the Ottoman Empire?
To gain access to warm-water seas and expand influence in the Black Sea and Balkans.
What new political factor becomes important in the Balkans after 1800?
Nationalism.
Why did nationalism weaken Ottoman control more permanently than earlier wars?
Because it turned subject populations into political actors seeking independence.
What was the overall purpose of the Congress of Berlin (1878)?
To limit Russian power and manage Ottoman decline by creating smaller Balkan states.
