Blood

Question 1

3 function of blood ?

Answer 1

• transport substances
• regulate life processes
• affords protection against diseases

Question 2

what are the 2 primary components of blood ?

Answer 2

• plasma = 55%
• formed elements = 45%

Question 3

what is blood plasma + what is it % compositions ?

Answer 3

• liquid in which peripheral blood cells are suspended
• composed of 92% water , 7% proteins, renaming 1% = proteins, electrolytes, hormones

Question 4

what are the formed elements of blood ?

Answer 4

• erythroctyes (rbc)
• leukoctes (wbc)
• thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 5

what is hematocrit ?

Answer 5

• ratio of red blood cells to plasma
• expressed as a percentage

Question 6

structure and 2 functions of erythrocytes ?

Answer 6

• biconcave discs
• lack nucleus + organelles
• cytosol contains hemoglobin
• function :
  
  • transport O2 +
  • anucleate = expel their nucleus,

Question 7

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

Answer 7

• 2 α-globin chains and 2 β-globin chains
• each subunit has a heme group that binds oxygen.
• the heme group contains an iron (Fe²⁺) atom,

Question 8

effect of hypertonic solution on rbc ?

Answer 8

• water moves out of rbc so it shrinks
• forms crenated cells

Question 9

effect of hypotonic solution on rbc ?

Answer 9

• medium swell + lose characteristic biconcave disk shape

Question 10

What is the shape of sickle cell red blood cells (RBCs)?

Answer 10

• Sickle cell red blood cells (RBCs) have an abnormal crescent or sickle shape

Question 11

What are reticulocytes?

Answer 11

• immature red blood cells
• increased amount of RNA gives red-blue colour

Question 12

What are the two categories of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

Answer 12

• Granulocytes = has bacteria-combating granules
• Agranulocytes = no granules

Question 13

what are the 3 types of granulocytes (contains granules) ?

Answer 13

• neutrophil
• eosinophil
• basophil
• end in PHIL

Question 14

what are the 2 types of agranulocyes ?

Answer 14

• lymphocytes
• monocytes

Question 15

What are the key characteristics of neutrophils?

Answer 15

• prominent nucleus segmented into 2-5 lobes
• Cytoplasm: Contains glycogen, filaments, and micro-tubules
• half-life = 6-8 hrs in blood; 1-4 days in tissue.

Question 16

function of neutrophils ?

Answer 16

• active phagocytes
• first line of defense against microorganisms especially bacteria

Question 17

what are the key characteristics of eosinophil ?

Answer 17

• bilobed nucleus (2)
• cytoplasm: contains orange granules with major basic protein (MBP) (kills parasitic worms) and lysosomal enzymes

Question 18

function of eosinophil?

Answer 18

• phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes
• inactivate leukotrienes
  -a role in immune defense against parasitic infections.

Question 19

what are key characteristics of basophils ?

Answer 19

• 2-3 lobed nucleus (often obscured by large dark-staining granules).
• granules: Contain heparin, histamine, leukotrienes, serotonin, and chemotactic factors
• similar to mast cells

Question 20

function of basophils ?

Answer 20

• mediate hypersensitivity reactions by binding IgE antibodies

Question 21

What are the key characteristics and functions of monocytes?

Answer 21

• Nucleus: Ovoid or kidney-shaped.
• Cytoplasm: free ribosomes
• life span of 5-8 days
• spend a week in blood then become tissue macrophages

Question 22

function of monocytes ?

Answer 22

• part of the mononuclear-phagocyte system, they ingest tissue debris and infectious agents

Question 23

What are the key characteristics and functions of lymphocytes?

Answer 23

• nucleus: single, deeply-stained, spherical nucleus (big perfect circle)
• types = B,T nutral killer cells (NK)

Question 24

function of lymphocytes ?

Answer 24

• T cells: Cell-mediated immunity.
• B cells: plasma cells - produce antibodies
• NK cells: Kill infected or tumor cells.

Question 25

why are monocytes and lymphocytes referred to as mononuclear white blood cells ?

Answer 25

- nuclei are not segmented

Question 26

What are the key characteristics and functions of platelets (thrombocytes)?

Answer 26

-non-nucleated flat, round disks * derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow * They are involved in the hemostasis (stop bleeding!) –promote the coagulation cascade to form a blood clot. * Thrombopoietin – a deficiency of platlets; may result in bruising and bleeding. * Life span is 7-10 days.

Question 27

how do megakaryocytes form platelets ?

Answer 27

- edges break off to form platelets

Question 28

What is the role of bone marrow in blood cell production?

Answer 28

- specializes in the production of all formed elements of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - supports hematopoiesis

Question 29

What are hematopoietic tissues and what are their types?

Answer 29

- actively or potentially produce blood cells (including platelets) 1. myeloid tissues = 'red marrow' of bones 2. lymphoid tissues = Part of the lymphatic system

Question 30

3 stages of blood clot formation ?

Answer 30

- vasoconstriction - temporary clot - coagulation

Question 31

Platelet Plug Formation ?

Answer 31

- Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets. - Release of platelet factors - Factors attract more platelets. - Platelets aggregate into platelet plug.

Question 32

blood types and their antibodies ?

Answer 32

- A = Anti-B - B = Anti-A - AB = none - O = has both Anti-B and Anti-A