S1 Pharmacology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the endocrine system + what is it’s functions ?

A
  • specialised ductless glands
  • secrete hormones into the bloodstream
  • response involved in metabolism, growth or reproduction
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2
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the endocrine system ?

A
  • central endocrine glands
  • peripheral endocrine glands
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3
Q

3 central endocrine glands

A
  • pituitary glands
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
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4
Q

4 peripheral endocrine glands

A
  • thyroid glands
  • adrenal glands
  • endocrine pancreas
  • parathyroid glands
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5
Q

what is the function of parathyroid glands ?

A
  • regulate level of calcium in the blood
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6
Q

what is the role of the thyroid gland ?

A
  • regulate metabolism
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7
Q

what is the function of the adrenal gland ?

A
  • help trigger fight or flight response
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8
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland ?

A
  • secretes melatonin (hormone of darkness)
  • promotes sleep
  • influences reproductive activity
  • located in the diencephalon in the brain
  • production stimulated by SCN (biological clock)
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9
Q

what is the function of the pancreas ?

A
  • regulated blood glucose levels by producing glucagon + insulin
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10
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland ?

A
  • master gland
  • secretes many different hormones which can effect other glands
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11
Q

function of the endocrine system

A
  • cellular metabolism
  • cell growth, development, reproduction
  • adaptive changes
  • control circulatory and digestive system
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12
Q

chemical classification of hormones in the endocrine system ?

A
  • amines, amino acids
  • polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins
  • steroids
  • hydrophilic vs lipophilic
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13
Q

what is the most common type of hormone in the body?

A
  • peptide hormone
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14
Q

how and where are peptide/protein hormones synthesised?

A
  • by the vesicle-mediated pathway
  • synthesised in rER + packaged in vesicles
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15
Q

how and where are steroid hormones synthesised?

A
  • non-vesicle mediated pathway
  • synthesised is sER + directly released
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16
Q

what hormones use free + unbound transport ?

A
  • amine/peptide hormones
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17
Q

what hormones use protein carrier-bound transport ?

A
  • steroid + thyroid hormones
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18
Q

Hormone Secretion & Regulation

A

timing/pattern
- Pulsatile/Cyclical: Hormones are released in bursts
- Diurnal/Circadian Rhythm: Hormones follow daily or 24-hour patterns
negative-feedback control
- end-product inhibition

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19
Q

what are the types of hormone receptors?

A
  • nuclear/intracellular
  • cell surface receptors
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20
Q

what is hyposecretion ?

A
  • The endocrine gland secretes too little of its hormone
  • types = primary,secondary,tertiary
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21
Q

what is hyper-secretion ?

A
  • The endocrine gland secretes too much of its hormone.
  • types = primary, secondary,tertiary
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22
Q

what is abnormal target cell responsiveness + 2 types?

A
  • Changes in target cells that affect how they respond to hormones.
  • Receptor Down-Regulation (Hyporesponsiveness)
  • Receptor Up-Regulation (Hyperresponsiveness):
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23
Q

Where are the hypothalamus and pituitary glands located?

A
  • the hypothalamus and pituitary glands are located in the diencephalon of the brain.
    -the pituitary gland lies in a pocket of bone at the base of the brain.
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24
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands?

A
  • function cooperatively as the ‘master regulators’ of the endocrine system.
  • control critical homeostatic and metabolic functions.
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25
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland and their functions?
- Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis): Secretes and releases 6 major hormones. - Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis): Stores and releases 2 hormones.
26
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
- brain's coordinating centre for endocrine, behavioural, and autonomic nervous system functions
27
How does the hypothalamus act as a neuroendocrine transducer?
- receiving and integrating multiple brain signals. - converting signals into chemical messages. -releasing chemical messengers (hormones) to control the secretion of pituitary hormones. -pituitary hormones control the activity of peripheral endocrine glands.
28
What are hypothalamic releasing hormones?
- hormones produced by the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary
29
How do hypothalamic releasing hormones affect the anterior pituitary?
- releasing hormones are sent to the anterior pituitary, which then releases its stored tropic hormones into the systemic circulation
30
How are hypothalamic releasing hormones transported to the anterior pituitary?
- action potentials trigger the release of hormones into the portal vessels, which carry them to the anterior pituitary - where they stimulate the release of tropic hormones.
31
what is the role of Growth Hormone (GH)?
- important role in intermediary metabolism
32
what are the effects of Growth Hormone (GH) on metabolism?
- Anti-insulin effects: - Increases lipolysis = leading to free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization and use as fuel. - Inhibits peripheral cellular glucose uptake = increases blood glucose levels and reduces the use of glucose as fuel.
33
What regulates the secretion of Growth Hormone (GH)?
- GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone) and somatostatin from the hypothalamus. - Ghrelin from the gastric fundus.
34
How is Growth Hormone (GH) output related to growth?
- GH output increases with size to maintain the concentration of GH pulses needed to sustain growth during childhood.
35
What factors influence GH secretion?
- nutritional state
36
What other hormones are involved in physical growth?
- Thyroxine - Sex steroids
37
What happens if there is undersecretion + overproduction of (GH)?
- dwarfism - gigantism
38
what happens if there is overproduction of Growth Hormone (GH) after maturity?
- after maturity, overproduction of GH causes acromegaly.
39
what is the role of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in ?
- stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles and promotes the ovarian secretion of oestrogen – promotes ovarian secretion of oestrogen (F) – Required for sperm production (M) – Secretion stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus
40
what is the role of Luteinizing hormone (LH)?
– Responsible for ovulation & development of the corpus luteum (F) – Regulates ovarian secretion of sex hormones (F) – Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone (M) – Secretion stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus
41
what is the role of prolactin (PRL) ?
- enhances breast development & milk production in females; elevated in pregnancy and lactation – Overproduction leads to infertility – Secretion inhibited by DA from hypothalamus (drugs dopamine antagonist)
42
what is the role of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ?
- Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones – Promotes vascularisation & growth of the thyroid gland – Secretion stimulated by TRH from hypothalamus
43
what is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
– Stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex – Controls growth of the adrenal cortex – Secretion stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus – Inhibiting pain/stress signal
44
what are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Growth Hormone (GH) - Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH) - Prolactin (PRL)
45
what are the 2 types of posterior pituitary hormones ?
- vasopressin - oxytocin
46
what is the role vasopressin ?
– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – Controls water balance in the body – Promotes renal water re-absorption = regulation of plasma volume & osmotic pressure
47
what is the role of oxytocin?
– Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth & milk ejection during breast-feeding – Secretion inhibited by DA from hypothalamus
48
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
- Structure: Similar to ACTH. - Role in Animals: Regulates skin pigmentation by stimulating melanocytes and controls sodium excretion. - Mechanism: α-MSH binds to the MC-1 receptor on melanocytes, activating tyrosinase, which is required for melanin synthesis. - Human Significance: Mutations in the MC-1 receptor are linked to people who tan poorly
49
location of thyroid gland ?
- located in the neck below lathe rynx - 2 lobes of endocrine tissue joined by a narrow strip of gland (isthmus)
50
what are the 2 cell types of the thyroid gland ?
- foliicular cells = Secrete Tetra-iodothyronine (T4/thyroxine) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3), both iodine-containing hormones. - parafollicular cells =secrete calcitonin
51
4 functions of thyroid hormone ?
- effect on normal growth + CNS Development - effect on metabolic rate + heat production - effect on intermediary metabolism - effect on sympathetic activity
52
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on normal growth and CNS development?
- Mediates normal growth through GH and IGF-1. - Stimulates GH secretion and hepatic production of IGF-1. - Promotes protein synthesis and skeletal growth via GH & IGF-1. - Required for normal nervous system development in infants and children - promotes normal CNS activity in adults.
53
What is the effect of thyroid hormone on metabolic rate and heat production?
- Increases basal metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect). - Main regulator of resting O2 consumption and energy expenditure.
54
How does thyroid hormone affect intermediary metabolism?
- Biphasic effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
55
How does thyroid hormone affect sympathetic activity?
- Increases cellular responsiveness to catecholamines through β-receptor upregulation.
56
What are the two main components of the adrenal glands?
- Adrenal Cortex (outer layer) Adrenal Medulla (inner layer)
57
What 3 steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?
- Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) - Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) - Sex hormones (e.g., DHEA)
58
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
- The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines, including adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NA)
59
What is the role of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)?
- helping maintain Na+ and K+ balance - regulate extracellular fluid (ECF) volume.
60
What are the functions of glucocorticoids (cortisol)?
- Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism - Stress adaptation - Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
61
What are the functions of sex hormones (DHEA) from the adrenal glands?
-Supplements sex hormones secreted by the gonads - Exerts minor effects on reproductive function - Promotes protein anabolism and growth
62
HPA Axis and Feedback System (body's response to stress, pain, trauma etc)
- Hypothalamus releases CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone). - CRH triggers the anterioir pituitary gland to release ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone). - ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol - targets tissues
63
what is the main function of the adrenal medulla ?
- reinforces fight or flight main functions: - inc respiratory rate - inc glycogenolysis = increased glucose mobilisation - inc lipolysis = increased mobilisation of free fatty acids
64
what are the 3 types of cells in the islet of Langerhans ?
- α - gulcagon - β - insulin (binsulin) - δ (delta) - somatostatin
S1 Pharmacology
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