Carbohydrates

Question 1

What does FODMAP stand for ?

Answer 1

• Fermentable
• Oligosaccharide
• Disaccharide
• Monosaccharide
• And
• Polyols

Question 2

What is an Oligosaccharide ?

Answer 2

• made up of a few monosaccharide sugars up to 9

Question 3

What is a Polyol ?

Answer 3

• contains many hydroxyl groups

Question 4

What is the structure of Glucose ?

Answer 4

• 6 C
• Aldehyde group (very reactive)
• OH groups

Question 5

Does Fischer or Haworth’s form of glucose contain more energy ?

Answer 5

• Fischer (straight chain)
• because aldehyde group has more energy

Question 6

Which form is the natural form of glucose and why ?

Answer 6

• cyclic form
• less reactive so can be stored

Question 7

What are examples of monosaccharides ?

Answer 7

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose
• mannose

Question 8

what are examples of disaccharides ?

Answer 8

• maltose ( 2 x alpha glucose)
• lactose (B glucose + galactose )
• Sucrose (glucose + fructose )

Question 9

what are examples of polysaccharides ?

Answer 9

• starch
• glycogen
• cellulose

Question 10

what is starch made up of ?

Answer 10

• amylose and amylopectin (both made of glucose)

Question 11

what are differences between amylose and amylopectin ?

Answer 11

• amylopectin is branched
• amylopectin has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds whereas amylose has 1-4

Question 12

Structure of glycogen ?

Answer 12

• more branched than amylopectin
• 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• insoluble in water

Question 13

structure of cellulose ?

Answer 13

• polymer of B glucose
• unbranched
• cell wall in plants
• insoluble in water

Question 14

How does FODMAP cause IBS ?

Answer 14

• monosaccharides + disaccharides are fermentable
• GI bacteria can ferment sugars
• results in gases + bloating

Question 15

How is fructose converted into mannitol ?

Answer 15

• using MDH + co enzyme NADH

Question 16

What is the difference in structure between mannitol and fructose ?

Answer 16

• ketone group on C2 on F gets converted to OH

Question 17

What is the osmotic effect of mannitol ?

Answer 17

• has high osmotic value
• attracts gastro fluids
• creates diarrhoea + loose stools

Question 18

What is conjugation of drugs ?

Answer 18

• attaching a sugar molecule to make them more water soluble

Question 19

what sugar is used in the conjugation of drugs and why ?

Answer 19

• Glucuronic acid
• increases no of OH groups so more H bonding

Question 20

What is the name of the enzyme that adds glucuronic acid ?

Answer 20

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase