The erythrocyte, commonly
known as a …………………….. is by far the most common
formed element:
* A single drop of blood
contains……… of
erythrocytes and just
thousands of leukocytes
* Erythrocyte are estimated to
make up about …. percent of
the total cells in the body
The erythrocyte, commonly
known as a red blood cell (or
RBC), is by far the most common
formed element:
* A single drop of blood
contains millions of
erythrocytes and just
thousands of leukocytes
* Erythrocyte are estimated to
make up about 25 percent of
the total cells in the body
Control of Erythropoiesis
the kidney detect reduce o2 carrying capictys of the blood
when less o2 is deliverd to the kidneys they secrete the hormone erythorpien into the blood
witch stimulates erythopcyte production by the bone
they increass carying vapisty of blood
loook at graph
The primary functions of
erythrocytes are to pick up
inhaled oxygen from the
lungs and transport it to
the body’s tissues
At the tissues they can pick
up some carbon dioxide
waste and transport it to
the lungs for exhalation
The primary functions of
erythrocytes are to pick up
inhaled ……….. from the
………. and transport it to
the …………….
At the tissues they can pick
up some ……………… and transport it to
the lungs for exhalation
what opart of hemoglobin does oxygen attach
is there 4 per ed blood cell
iron ir the heme part
no each hemoglobin has 4
- 200-300 million/cell
- 4 heme groups + globin
- Males 13.5-17.5 g/dL
- Females 11.5-15.5 g/dL
Q: Do mean circulating erythropoietin levels differ between men and women?
No — they are similar in men and women.
Is the difference in hemoglobin between men and women due to iron status?
No — the difference exists even when iron levels are equal.
Do adult men and women have the same hemoglobin levels when iron status is equal?
No — premenopausal women have hemoglobin levels ~12% lower than age & race matched men.
the gonadotropin horomones up and down
regulate RBC production differently: by
- Testosterone increases the EPO related production of RBC in
males
causing more wear and tear - Estrogen decreases the EPO related production of RBC in
females
4 reassones why rbc are shapped the way they are
Large surface area → Maximizes oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Thin center → Short diffusion distance for gases.
Flexibility → Allows RBCs to bend and squeeze through narrow capillaries.
No nucleus/organelles → Provides more space for hemoglobin, increasing oxygen-carrying capacity.
30 precent increass in surface area
The erythrocytes are also sensitive to the osmotic
concentrations of the plasma
what 3 things can happen
Hypotonic Plasma to much water outside so water comes in to balance it out
Isotonic Plasma normal
hypertonic Plasmawater is thin on outside wwater leaves to balkance it
Besides carrying oxygen, what role does hemoglobin play in blood flow regulation?
Hemoglobin releases nitric oxide (NO), which causes vasodilation → improving blood flow and enhancing oxygen delivery.
Q: How do red blood cells help transport carbon dioxide?
A: RBCs contain carbonic anhydrase, which converts CO₂ + H₂O → carbonic acid → bicarbonate. Bicarbonate carries 70%+ of CO₂ in the plasma.
Q: What role does chloride (Cl⁻) play in CO₂ transport by RBCs
Chloride enters RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate (the chloride shift) to maintain electrical neutrality during CO₂ transport.
What happens to red blood cells when they wear out?
RBCs live ~120 days, then are removed by macrophages in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Their components (iron & heme) are recycled to make new RBCs.
Q: How do leukocytes differ from erythrocytes?
A: Both come from bone marrow stem cells, but leukocytes are far less numerous, have a shorter active lifespan (13–20 days), are complete cells (with nucleus & organelles), and exist in many types.
Q: What is a distinctive characteristic of leukocytes
A: Leukocytes can leave the bloodstream (emigration) to reach tissues, using blood vessels as a highway to perform defensive functions.
How are leukocytes classified?
By presence of cytoplasmic granules:
Granular WBCs: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular WBCs: lymphocytes, monocytes
Neutrophils
50-70% of leukocytes) are
rapid responders to the site of infection
and are efficient phagocytes with a
preference for bacteria
Eosinophils
(2-4% of leukocytes)
contain antihistamine molecules and
are also capable of phagocytosis during
parasitic infections
Basophils
(<1% of leukocytes) intensify
the inflammatory response through the
release of histamines and heparin
Lymphocytes
(20–30% of
leukocytes) are formed in the
lymphoid cells and are essential
for immune responses
There are three major groups of
lymphocytes:
* Natural killer cells
* B cells
* T cells
Natural killer (NK) cells provide
generalized, nonspecific immunity to cells
containing foreign or abnormal markers
B cells produces antibodies which bind to
specific foreign or abnormal components
of plasma membranes
T cells provide cellular-level immunity by
physically attacking foreign or diseased
cells
* Memory cells are a variety of B and T
cells which form after exposure to a
pathogen, enabling rapid responses
upon subsequent exposures
Monocytes
(2–8% of leukocytes)
form macrophages when they leave
the blood vessels and function to
release antimicrobial and
chemotactic signals to attract other
leukocytes to the site of an infection
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homeostasis 124
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METABOLISM37
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metabolism28
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endocrine34
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endocrine system 219
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energy delivery and eeg25
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respiratory35
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respitory 253
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respitory 327
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blood 131
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blood 239
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blood vescels53
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cardiovascular31
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cardiovascular 221
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cardiovascular 319
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things i need to know37
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blood pressure 120
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blood pressure 223
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urine 12
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urinary 236
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urine 3 and fliud balance29
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muscle pysiology 122
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muscle physiology 222
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acid and base41
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diving response 115
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control of breathing27
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autonomic control14
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diving response 213
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high altitude 127
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high altitude 221
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space physiology13
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things to know26
