endocrine

Question 1

The nervous and endocrine
systems act together to
coordinate and regulate all
systems of the body

Question 2

The primary aim of the
endocrine system is to

Answer 2

maintain a
stable and balanced internal
environment (homeostasis)
Also plays a role in growth and
development, metabolism,
reproduction and our responses
to stress and/or injuries

Question 3

whats the difference between the way the neurotransmitterers are relesed in endocrine system and nervous system

Answer 3

The endocrine system
functions in a similar
manner and releases
slower acting hormones
directly into the blood
stream or the interstitial
fluid

Question 4

exocrine glands

Answer 4

which secrete their products
into ducts, and are expelled on
the outside of the body
* sudoriferous (sweat) glands
* sebaceous (oil) glands
* mucous glands
* digestive glands
They do not secrete hormones

Question 5

The overall method of the
both the endocrine and
nervous systems are to have

Answer 5

signals:
* Neurotransmitters in the
nervous system
* Hormones in the endocrine
system
Bind to receptors on “target”
cells to initiate a response

Question 6

overall, the endocrine system works
through a series of glands that
release hormones into the
bloodstream.
Once in the blood, the hormones
travel to specific organs and tissues
of the body where they bind to the
specific protein receptor cells
* Protein molecules embedded in
the membrane or cytoplasm of
the cell

Question 7

hormones cause cells to

Answer 7

develope

Question 8

Hormones have three main
pathways for action:

Answer 8

ravel in blood and act on
distant target cells (circulating
hormones aka endocrines)
* Act on neighboring cells
(paracrines)
* Act on the same cell that
secreted them (autocrines)

Question 9

Lipid-soluble

Answer 9

(steroid hormones, thyroid
hormones, nitric oxide)
– Circulate bound to transport proteins
– Diffuse across the plasma membrane
– Bind to receptors within target cells
– Activate genes to allow ribosomes to
synthesize specific proteins

Question 10

water-soluble

Answer 10

(amine hormones,
peptide and protein hormones,
eicosanoid hormones)
* Water-soluble hormones circulate
freely in the plasma
* Bind to receptors on the exterior
surface of the target cell
* Activate a secondary messenger
to phosphorylate cellular proteins

Question 11

Phosphorylation either

Answer 11

• activates (excitatory)
• inactivates (inhibitory)
  When activated it results in the
  production of proteins through a
  chain reaction

Question 12

up-regulated

Answer 12

(become more sensitive) in the
presence of low concentrations of
hormone

Question 13

down-regulated

Answer 13

(become less sensitive) in the
presence of high concentrations of
hormone

Question 14

Overall, the response of a target cell to a
hormone is based on: 3 things

Answer 14

The hormone’s concentration in the
blood
* The number of hormone receptors on
the target cell
* Influences exerted by other hormones
– Some hormones work more effectively when a
second hormone is present to assist them
(synergistic effect)
– While some hormones oppose the action of
others (antagonistic effect)

Question 15

Hormones are secreted by a cell
or a gland in one part of the
body and exerts effects via
specific receptors at other sites
Most hormones are released in
short bursts (with little or no
release between bursts)
* Normally maintains
homeostasis and prevents
overproduction or
underproduction of a
particular hormone

Question 16

Secretion is regulated by

Answer 16

• Chemical changes in
  the blood
• Signals from the
  nervous system
• Other hormones
  The endocrine system
  typically relies on feedback
  systems to regulate
  hormone production and
  secretion

Question 17

Most endocrine glands
are under

Answer 17

negative
feedback control that
acts to maintain
homoeostasis
prevents deviation
from a set point in the
body

Question 18

Positive feedback mechanisms

Answer 18

ontrol self-perpetuating
events
Unlike negative feedback loops,
positive feedback encourages a
response away from the body’s
set point
Positive feedback systems are
much less common although
they do exist (oxytocin release
during childbirth)

Question 19

what is hypothalamus function

Answer 19

connect nervous system to the endocrine system

contoling homeostsis

Question 20

There are ……………hormones
released by the hypothalamus
which drive the endocrine
system by basically telling the
pituitary gland which
hormones to release

Answer 20

7

Question 21

Hormones released can be
releasing hormones

Answer 21

Thyrotropin releasing
hormone (TRH)
* Corticotropin releasing
hormone (CRH)
* Gonadotropin releasing
hormone (GnRH)
* Prolactin releasing
hormone (PRH)
* Growth hormone releasing
hormone (GHRH) is also
known as somatocrinin

Question 22

Hormones released can
also be inhibiting
hormones:

Answer 22

Growth hormone
inhibiting hormone
(GHIH) is also known as
somatostatin
* Prolactin inhibiting
hormone (PIH) is also
known as dopamine

Question 23

The hypothalamus
and pituitary gland
are connected by the
……………………………….
The hormones released by
the hypothalmus reach the
pituitary gland via the
………….

Answer 23

infundibulum .hypophyseal portal

Question 24

Anterior Pituitary Gland

how many cells how much weguight

Answer 24

The anterior lobe
(adenohypophysis) makes
up 75% of the weight of
the pituitary gland
* Within the anterior
pituitary gland there are
five types of cells and
they secrete seven
hormones

Question 25

Anterior Pituitary Gland * Human growth hormone (hGH) is secreted by somatotrophs * Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by lactrotrophs * Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by thyrotrophs * Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are secreted by gonadotrophs * Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) are secreted by corticotrophs

Question 26

Human growth hormone (hGH) is the

Answer 26

most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone and aids in the growth of bones and muscles * hGH release is controlled by two hypothalamic hormones: – Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) – Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Question 27

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 27

stimulates the production of Thyroid hormones from thyroid gland activities and is controlled by TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone

Question 28

Prolactin (PRL),

Answer 28

ogether with other hormones, initiates and maintains milk secretion by the mammary glands

Question 29

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH

Answer 29

In females, FSH initiates follicle development and secretion of estrogens in the ovaries – In males, FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

Question 30

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 30

In females, LH stimulates secretion of estrogen by ovarian cells to result in ovulation and stimulates formation of the corpus luteum and secretion of progesterone – In males, LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone

Question 31

acth

Answer 31

(ACTH) controls the production and secretion of hormones called glucocorticoids by the cortex of the adrenal glan

Question 32

Posterior Pituitary Gland The posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) is made of neural tissue The posterior pituitary gland does not

Answer 32

synthesize any hormones, but stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: – Oxytocin (OT) – Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 33

Posterior Pituitary Gland Oxytocin (OT)

Answer 33

s released in response to stretch placed on the cervix during child birth Oxytocin affects the: – Mother’s uterus – enhances contractions – Mother’s breasts – stimulates milk production by the mammary glands in response to suckling