1
Q
What makes up a long bone?
A
- Diaphysis
- 2 epiphysis
- 2 metaphysis
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- medullary cavity
- endosteum
2
Q
What is the diaphysis?
A
- bone shaft
- centre of long bone
3
Q
What is an epiphysis?
A
- end of the long bone
- connects to joints
4
Q
What is a metaphysis?
A
- part of long bone connecting diaphysis and epiphysis
5
Q
What does articular cartilage do?
A
- covers the epiphysis
6
Q
What is the periosteum?
A
connective tissue covering the diaphysis
7
Q
What is the medullary cavity?
A
Hollow region within the diaphysis
8
Q
What is the endosteum?
A
- membrane lining medullary cavity
9
Q
What is the bone tissue?
A
- specialised connective tissue
- highly vascular
- constantly changing in response to forces applied
10
Q
What is the structure of the ECM for bone tissue?
A
- ECM surrounding widely separated cells
- ECM made of water, organic, and inorganic mineralised materials
11
Q
What is the function of organic and inorganic materials within bone tissue?
A
provide rigidity whilst retaining flexibility
12
Q
What causes bone tissue to be mineralised?
A
Calcium salts
13
Q
What are the 4 types of bone cells?
A
- Osteoprogenitor
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
14
Q
What are osteoprogenitor cells?
A
Stem cells
15
Q
What are osteoblast cells?
A
Bone-building cells that secrete ECM
16
Q
What are osteocyte cells?
A
mature bone cells
17
Q
What are osteoclast cells?
A
They remodel bones and release calcium
18
Q
What are the 2 types of structures bones can have?
A
- Compact (cortical)
- Spongy (cancellous)
19
Q
What is the structure of compact bone?
A
- Dense rigid outer shell of long bone
- Concentric layers around vessels
- Neurovascular chanells with interconnection
- Bone cells are within cavities
- Channels connect bone cells and blood
20
Q
What is a lamellae?
A
Concentric layers of bone tissue
21
Q
What are haversian canals?
A
Nerovascular channels in bone tissue
22
Q
What are Volkmanns canals?
A
Connect haversian canals
23
Q
What are lacunae?
A
Bone cells within cavities
24
Q
What is the structure of spongy bone?
A
- thin interconnecting bone trabeculae
- lightweight and aligned
- provides structural and tissue support
- Space for red bone marrow and hemopoiesis
25
What does trabeculae mean?
Honeycomb
26
What occurs at hemopoiesis?
RBC production
27
What are the 5 shapes we classify bone via?
1. Long
2. short
3. flat
4. irregular
5. sesamoid
28
How is blood supplied to bones?
* periosteal arteries (+veins) enter volkmanns canals
29
How are nutrients supplied to bones?
* entre centre of diaphysis through nutrient foramen
30
What is ossification?
bone formation
31
What are the 2 methods of ossification?
1. Intemembranous
2. Endochondral
32
What is intramembranous ossification?
Skull bone formation
33
What is endochondral ossification?
Long bone formation
34
What are the 4 situations where bone ossification occurs?
1. Embyological and fetal development
2. Growth before adulthood
3. Remodelling
4. Healing fractures
35
Where does intramembranous ossification occur?
* Within embryonic tissue
36
What are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification?
1. Ossification centre forms: osteoblast excrete ECM
2. Calcification: salts deposited, matrix hardens, osteocytes in lacuna
3. Trabeculae form: ECM develops into trabeculae, which become spongy bone
4. Periosteum forms
37
What are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification?
1. Chloroplasts form cartilage model
2. Chondrocytes undergo cell division, growing cartilage model
3. Primary ossification centre forms, cartilage replaced by bone
4. Medullary cavity forms via osteoclasts breaking down bone
5. Secondary ossification centre forms in epiphysis
6. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal growth plate form
38
How do bones become longer?
Bone material added on diaphyseal side of epiphyseal growth plate via **interstitial growth**
39
What happens to the epiphyseal plates during growth?
They undergo endochondral ossification
40
When does bone stop growing?
When the epiphysis closes
41
How do bones become thicker?
appositional growth
42
How does appositional growth occur?
* perosteal ridges close around periosteal blood vessels
* endosteum form
* osteoblasts head towards endosteum, forming concentric circle
43
What happens to the medullary cavity during appositional growth?
* Osteoclasts destroy bone on inner surface, widening medullary cavity
44
What are the 3 stages of healing for a fractured bone?
1. Reactive: inflamation and bleeding
2. Reparative: first a soft callus, then becomes bony callus
3. Remodelling: bony callus reshaped
45
What is an open fracture?
Broken end sticks out of the skin
46
What is a comminuted fracture?
splintered at impact site
fragments scattered
47
What is a greenstick fracture?
Occur in kids: not fully ossified
One side broken, one side bent
48
What is an impacted fracture?
One end of fractured bone forced into another
49
What is a pott fracture?
Ocurs at lateral end of fibia
50
What is a colles fracture?
Occurs at lateral end of radius
51
Name 4 common fractures
1. open
2. closed
3. comminuted
4. greenstick
5. impacted
6. pott
7. colles
52
What is achondroplasia?
* Epiphyseal plate closes before normal bone length is reached
* Short limbs, unaffected trunk and membranous bones
Anatomy
flashcards
Decks in class (29)
# Cards
-
Basics52
-
Imaging9
-
Cells28
-
Tissues18
-
Bone52
-
Cartilage17
-
Joints25
-
Muscles48
-
Pectoral Girdle40
-
Upper Limb34
-
Lower Limb67
-
Nerve Physiology32
-
Central Nervous System49
-
Peripheral Nerves23
-
Autonomic Nervous System4
-
Muscle Physiology46
-
Heart64
-
Great Vessels12
-
Cardiovascular Physiology14
-
Urinary System83
-
Endocrine System71
-
Respiration38
-
Gastrointestinal Tract36
-
Whole Body Vasculature16
-
Cardiovascular Prosthesis16
-
Immune System10
-
Reproductive system1
-
Eye0
-
Ears0
