Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Disorders of endocrine system and hormones

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2
Q

What is the difference between circulating and local hormones?

A

Circulatory hormones go through your blood stream

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3
Q

How do the nervous system and endocrine system differ?

in how they send signals

A

Endocrine uses hormones whilst nervous system uses neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Which is faster: the endocrine system or nervous?

A

Nervous

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5
Q

Which lasts longer: the endocrine system or nervous?

A

endocrine

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6
Q

How do the nervous and endocrine system work together?

A
  • Nervous ststem controls when endocrine should release or witheld hormones
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7
Q

What are the 5 ‘elements ‘ of the endocrine system?

A
  1. endocrine glands
  2. hormones
  3. target tissue/cells
  4. hormone receptors
  5. secondary messenger
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8
Q

What is the difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?

A

Exocrine: secrete products (not hormones) into ducts
Endocrine: secrete hormones

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9
Q

Name an example of an exocrine gland

A
  • Sweat
  • oil
  • muscous
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10
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete their hormones?

A

Into interstitial fluid

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11
Q

Name an example of an endocrine gland

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. throid
  3. parathyroid
  4. adrenal
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12
Q

Name a hormone the hypothalamus releases?

A
  • CRH
  • TRH
  • dopamine
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13
Q

Name a hormone the pituitary releases?

A
  • Growrth hormone
  • TSH FSH
  • Prolactin
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14
Q

Name a hormone the throid releases?

A
  • calcitonin
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15
Q

Name a hormone the parathyroid releases?

A
  • parathyroid hormone
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16
Q

Name a hormone the adrenal releases?

A
  • cortisol
  • epinephrine
  • norephinephrine
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17
Q

Name a hormone the pancreas releases?

A

insulin
glucagon

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18
Q

Name a hormone the ovaries releases?

A

estrogene
progesterone

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19
Q

Name a hormone the testes releases?

A

testosterone

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20
Q

What are the 4 functions of hormones and the endocrine system?

A
  1. Regulate homeostasis
  2. Growth and development
  3. Reproduction
  4. Circadian rhythm
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21
Q

What is an autocrine hormone?

A

One that acts on the same cell that secretes it

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22
Q

What is a paracrine hormone?

A

One that doesnt circulate

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23
Q

What is the difference between a lipid-soluble hormone and water-soluble?

A

Lipid-soluble must be bound to transport proteins to travel
water-soluble can circulate freely

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24
Q

Give an example of a response to a hormone

A
  • Synthesis of new molecules
  • transportation in and out of cell
  • contraction of muscle
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25
What are synergistic hormones?
Hormones that work more effectively when a second hormone is present
26
What are antagonistic hormones?
Hormones that oppose the actions of others
27
How do lipid-soluble hormones action?
1. Diffuse through lipid-bilayer of membrane 2. Binds to and activates receptor 3. Gene expression occurs leading to protein expression 4. New proteins alter cell's activity
28
How do water-soluble hormones action?
1. Bind to receptor on cell surface 2. G protein activated
29
30
What links together the nervous system and endocrine system?
Hypo thalamus
31
How are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland connected?
* Via the infundibulum
32
hypothalamus
33
pituitary gland
34
Compare the size and hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland
* anterior: 75% size, 7 hormones * posterior: 2 hormones from hypothalamus
35
What is the function of the 2 hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
they control the release/inhibitation of hormones via pituitary
36
How do hormones from the hypothalamus reach the pituitary gland?
Via the hypophyseal portal system
37
What are the 7 hormones the anterior pituitary gland secretes?
1. hGH - human growth 2. TSH - throid 3. FSH -follicle 4. LH - luteinizing 5. PRL - prolactin 6. ACTH - adrenocorticotropic 7. MSH - melanocyte
38
Where does hGH target?
The liver
39
Name an action controlled by hGH
* Secrete insulin-like growth factors -> promote tissue growth * Enhance lipolysis -> decrease glucose uptake
40
Where does TSH target?
The thyroid
41
Name an action controlled by TSH
* synthesis thyroid hormones
42
Where does FSH target?
The ovaries or testes
43
Name an action controlled by FSH
* Induces estrogen release * Stimulates testes to produce sperm
44
Where does LH target?
The ovaries and testes
45
Name an action controlled by LH
* Stimulate estrogen, progesterone, ovulation * Stimulates testes to produce testosterone
46
Where does PRL target?
The mammary glands
47
Name an action controlled by PRL
* Promotes milk production
48
Where does ACTH target?
The adrenal cortex
49
Name an action controlled by ACTH
* Cortisol production
50
Where does MSH target?
The brain
51
Name an action controlled by MSH
* Skin darkening (guess)
52
What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract?
* Path formed by neurosecretory cells ## Footnote transfers OT and ADH from hypothalamus to pituitary
53
What are the neurosecretory cells? ## Footnote Cells secreted by posterior pituitary
* Oxytocin * ADH
54
What is the effect of oxytocin on a mother?
* Enhances contractions * Stimulates milk ejection
55
What are the 2 lobes of the thyroid?
Right and left lateral
56
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid?
* isthmus
57
What structure makes up the thyroid gland?
* Thyroid follicles (spherical sacs)
58
What is the role of parafollicular cells in the thyroid?
Regulates calcium homeostasis + stores 100 day supply
59
What is controlled by the thyroid gland?
* metabolism * Body temp * Protein synthesis * ATP production * HGH and insulin for growth
60
What are the 5 steps of the thyroid secretion negative feedback loop
1. Low T3 T4 levels stimulates TRH release 2. TRH goes to anterior pituitary stimulating TSH production 3. TSH stimulated thyroid follicular cells 4. thyroid releases T3 and T4 cells 5. Elevated T3 levels inhibits TRH and TSH
61
What are the 2 main ways a person can have an endocrine disorder?
1. hypersecretion of hormones 2. hyposecretion of hormones
62
What type of gland is the pancreas?
Both endocrine and exocrine
63
What are acini?
Clusters of exocrine cells in the pancreas
64
What do acini produce?
Digestive enzymes | that go to gastrointestinal tract
65
What are pancreastic islets?
Clusters of endocrine tissue in the panceas containing secretion cells
66
What are the 4 types of cells in an islet?
* alpha * beta * delta * F
67
What does an alpha cell secrete?
glucagon
68
What does a beta cell secrete?
insulin
69
What does a delta cell secrete?
somatostatin
70
What does an f cell secrete?
pancreatic polypeptide
71
What feedback loop affects pancreatic islets?
negative
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