1. HLTH 108 > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bone tissue?

A

rigid, well vascularised with high mineral content, collagen fibres

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2
Q

types of bone tissue and brief info:

A
  • compact (dense), hard outer portion

- spongy (cancellous trabecular), porous highly vascularised inner portion

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3
Q

bone function: and eg.

A
  • support/ framework: for attachment of soft tissue (muscles) for movement
  • protection: of soft tissue/organs (cranium, vertebral column, rib cage, pelvis)
  • hematopoiesis: blood cell formation, red bone marrow
  • fat and mineral storage: (medullary cavity, yellow bone marrow) (calcium, phosphorus)
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4
Q

how many bones at birth vs adult?

A

infants: 270
adult: 206 (approx.)

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5
Q

define sutural bones

A

small bones from fusing of bones (eg. in skull)

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6
Q

define sesamoid bones: and eg.

A

bones developed in tendons responding to physical stress

- not completely ossified eg. patella, pisiform

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7
Q

eg of each classification of bone:

A

long: humerus
short: trapezoid
flat: sternum
irregular: vertebra
sesamoid: patella

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8
Q

long bones: main features and function

A

longer than wide, main bone of limbs, often curved

- used to sustain weight, provide levers for muscles,

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9
Q

list main long bones of the body (9):

A

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges

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10
Q

shaft of long bone:

A

diaphysis:

  • cylinder of compact bone around inner cavity, outer surface is surrounded by layer connective tissue (periosteum)
  • most long bones have nutrient foramen (hole) for arteries
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11
Q

medullary cavity:

A

yellow bone marrow, lined with connective tissue layer (endosteum)

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12
Q

epiphysis:

A

end of bone, with spongy tissue, red bone marrow and articular cartilage (prevent friction)

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13
Q

metaphyses:

A

between diaphysis/ epiphysis, fusion point

- growing bone: has epiphyseal (growth) plate of hyaline cartilage (longitudinal growth) = epiphyseal line

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14
Q

short bones: features, function, eg.

A

equal length/width or cuboidal, covered by thin layer of compact bone

  • transfer forces of movement
  • carpal (wrist), tarsal (ankle) bones
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15
Q

short bones: features/ function/ eg.

A

equal length/width or cuboidal, covered by thin layer of compact bone

  • transfer forces of movement
  • carpal (wrist), tarsal (ankle) bones
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16
Q

flat bones: features/ function/eg

A
  • broad surface: for muscle attachment, protection
  • irregularly articular surface
  • spongy bone (dipploë) between compact bone layers (external/ internal table)
  • cranial (skull) bones, ribs, scapular
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17
Q

irregular bones: features/ function/ eg.

A

varied complex, peculiar shape

  • many surfaces for muscle attachment/ articulation
  • varied amount of spongy/ compact bone
  • eg. vertebrae, calcaneus (heel bone), some skull bones
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18
Q

axial skeleton: function

A

provide axis (midline) of body/ support, protecting organs of head, neck and trunk

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19
Q

axial skeleton bones:

A

skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid, rib cage, sternum, vertebral column

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20
Q

appendicular skeleton: function

A

bones of free upper and lower limbs, and girdles connecting to axial

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21
Q

appendicular skeleton bones:

A
  • pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapular),
  • free upper limb (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges),
  • pelvic girdle (coxa),
  • free lower limb (femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
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22
Q

list cranial bones: (paired?)

A

frontal (1), parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital (1), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)

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23
Q

list facial bones: (paired?)

A

lacrimal (2), nasal (2), maxillae (2), zygomatic (2), palatine (2), inferior nasal conchae (2), mandible (1), vomer (1)

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24
Q

frontal bone: features

A

front of cranium, contain frontal sinus (paranasal sinus)- covered in mucus membrane

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25
parietal bone: features
upper sides/ roof of skull, coronal suture (btw. frontal/ parietal), sagittal (btw. parietal bones)
26
list temporal bone parts:
squamous, tympanic, styloid process, mastoid process, petrous
27
squamous part: features
cheekbone: | zygomatic process, zygomatic arch
28
tympanic part:
ear: | external acoustic meatus (ear canal)
29
styloid process:
thin bone projects inferiorly
30
mastoid part:
mastoid process, bone behind ear
31
petrous part:
floor of cranium: transverse plane
32
occipital bone: features
posterior/ base of skull, separated by lambdoid suture (btw. parietals) - foramen magnum (hole for spinal cord) - occipital condyles (crests) covered in articular cartilage
33
sphenoid bone:
butterfly shape, anterior/ middle base of skull, - (sphenoidal sinus) paranasal sinus - greater and lesser wing
34
ethmoid bone:
between your eyes/orbits, anterior portion of floor, part of eye, septum - ethmoid sinus (paranasal) - superior/ middle nasal conchae
35
cranial base section:
anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa
36
anterior cranial fossa: bones
frontal (anteriorly) ethmoid (middle) body + lesser wings of sphenoid (posteriorly)
37
middle cranial fossa: bones
- sella turcica- pituary gland (medially) - greater wings (sphenoid) - sqaumous (laterally) - petrous (posteriorly)
38
posterior cranial fossa: bones
mainly occipital
39
facial bones: upper jaw
maxilla: | (alveolar process) support teeth, hard palate, nasal cavity, orbits, large maxillary sinus
40
facial bones: palatine
posterior of hard palate, part of orbit and nasal cavity
41
facial bones: zygomatic
zygomatic process + temporal process, zygomatic arch lateral contours of face, of orbit
42
facial bones: lacrimal
btw. ethmoid and nasal/maxilla bone medial wall of the orbit
43
facial bones: nasal
nose bridge
44
facial bones: inferior nasal concha
scroll-like bone projecting horizontally/medially from lateral wall of nasal cavity - humidifies air, traps particles
45
vomer:
lower part of nose, flat, part of septum
46
mandible:
lower jaw, ramus, body, angle condylar process (covered in articular cartiliage) part of joint coronoid process (beak-like)
47
list skull cavities: and brief function
- cranial (1 300-1 350 cubic cm) - nasal: nasal fossae (divided by nasal septum), 4 paranasal sinus (in bones) lessen skull weight, resonance chambers (voice) - middle/inner ear cavities, - orbits, - oral (buccal) cavity
48
define/list fontanels: and locations
soft spots of infant skull, plates of cartilage (mesenchyme) - anterior (1) btw. parietal/ frontal - posterior (1) btw. parietal/ occipital - anterolateral (2) btw. frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid - posterolateral (2) parietal, occipital, temporal
49
auditory ossicles:
transmit sound impulses | - malleus, incus, stapes (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
50
hyoid bone:
not attached to other bone, inferior to mandible suspended from styloid process by stylohyoid muscles/ ligaments, supporting the tongue
51
how many vertebrae in vertebral column?
33 -> 26 vertebrae
52
vertebral column regions + no. of bones in each:
``` cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacrum (5 joined up) coccyx (4 joined up) ```
53
list vertebral column curves:
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
54
primary vertebral curves
CONCAVE: posterior | thoracic, sacral
55
secondary vertebral curves:
CONVEX: anterior | cervical, lumbar
56
vertebral curve: function
increase strength, maintain balance in upright position, absorb shocks, protect vertebrae from breaks
57
vertebrae main features: superior view
- spinous process (posterior), - body (anterior) hold most of weight, vertebral foramen, - transverse process (attaching ligaments etc.), - lamina, - pedicle (btw. transverse/ body)
58
vertebrae: superior/inferior articular facet
articulate/ connect to rest of the vertebrae,
59
vertebrae main features: lateral view (excl. superior view mentioned)
- superior/ inferior vertebral notch - superior/ inferior articular facet - superior facet - inferior demifacet - facet for articular part of tubercle of rib (only in thoracic)
60
list atypical vertebrae:
Atlas (C1) | Axis (C2)
61
Atlas differences:
- larger vertebral foramen + 2 transverse foramen in t. processes (only in cervical vertebrae) - flat at base of skull - lateral mass (with condyles)
62
Axis difference:
``` bony dens (allow rotation of head) - short ```
63
characteristics of vertebrae: cervical
small, 1 vertebral + 2 transverse foramen, often bifid (split into 2) spinous process, no facets for ribs, thick intervertebral discs relative to body size
64
characteristics of vertebrae: thoracic
larger, 1 vertebral foramen, long spinous process (most project inferiorly), has articular facets for ribs, thin intervertebral discs relative to body sixe
65
characteristics of vertebrae: lumbar
largest vertebrae, 1 vertebral foramen, short/blunt spinous process, no articular facets for ribs, massive intervertebral discs
66
thoracic cage: features
both bone and cartilaginous structures - 12 pairs of ribs - costal cartilage - 12 thoracic vertebrae - sternum
67
ribs: division features
true (1-7): direct attachment to sternum -> by costal cartilage false (8-10): cartilage attached to rib superior floating (11-12): no connection -> muscle and tissue
68
typical rib features:
head, neck, tubercle, shaft - costal groove: muscle attachment - body: main large part - superior/ inferior facets
69
sternum features:
- manubrium (only rib 1 connects here) - body - xiphoid process
70
pectoral girdle: list/ which skeleton?
appendicular: clavicle and scapula
71
pelvic girdle: list/ which skeleton?
appendicular: os coxae
72
scapula main parts:
spine (posteriorly), supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, coracoid process, acromion, superior/inferior angle, glenoid cavity (lateral) (connects to humerus)
73
clavicle main parts:
sternal end (flat), acromial end (thinner), conoid tubercle
74
humerus main parts:
head (assos. glenoid cavity) or usually articulation point, anatomical neck (head-> shaft), surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity (rough, attach- muscle), medial/lateral condyle (has art. cartliage),
75
radius main parts:
thumb side, thicker - flat side head - neck - radial tuberosity - styloid process
76
ulna main parts:
pinky side, looks thinner anteriorly - head opposite radius - trochlear notch (U-shaped) - olecranon - styloid process - ulnar tuberosity
77
list carpal bones/ how many:
8, trapezoid, trapezium, pisiform, lunate, scaphoid, capitate, triquetrum
78
list metacarpal bones/ how many
5 (I - V from thumb)
79
list phalanges/ how many:
14, singular- phalanx - 2 for thumb - 3 for rest of fingers
80
pelvis:
pair of os coxae, connected to sacrum and coccyx by cartilage
81
os caxae bones: and main parts
ilium. ischium, pubis - acetabulum: articulate with femur - sciatic notch
82
femur main parts:
shaft, neck, head, medial/ lateral condyles, medial/ lateral epicondyles, greater/ lesser trochanter (ONLY in femur)- large bony projection,
83
tibia main parts:
- most medial - head - medial malleolus (larger styloid process) - interosseous membrane btw. - anterior border (crest)
84
fibular main parts:
- most lateral - lateral malleolus (larger v- styloid process) - interosseous membrane btw.
85
foot bones: and how many
- tarsal bones (7): calcaneus, talus-> tibia, - metatarsal bones (5) - phalanges (14): 2 for big toe, 3 in other digits
1. HLTH 108
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