Urinary system

Question 1

parts of urinary system:

Answer 1

• kidneys
• ureters
• urinary bladder
• urethra

Question 2

main general function: kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Answer 2

filters 150L water- reabsorbed into blood stream, only 1-2L are expelled as urine
- other reabsorbed products by nephron also back into bloodstream

kidneys: filter blood plasma (remove urea, uric acid, ammonia)

ureters, urinary bladder and urethra serve as passageways and storage of urine

Question 3

kidney functions:

Answer 3

• excrete waste products
• enzymatic blood pressure regulation (secretes renin)

production of hormones:

• calcitriol (active form of vit D, increases Ca)
• erythropoietin (stimulates production of RBC)

regulates blood:

• blood ionic composition
• pH
• volume
• osmolarity
• glucose levels

Question 4

location: kidneys

Answer 4

• retroperitoneal organ (only ant surface covered)
• left kidney higher
• posterior abdominal wall btw T12-L3 vertebrae
• renal hilum (on concave border)

Question 5

layers of tissue surrounding: kidney

Answer 5

• renal capsule (DICT)
• adipose capsule
• renal fascia (DICT)

Question 6

kidney parts:

Answer 6

• renal cortex (outer)
• renal medulla (inner) -> renal pyramids: apex- renal papillae -> towards hilum

renal column: cortex in btw pyramids

renal lobe: pyramid with cortex and half column each side
- segment

Question 7

minor calyx:

Answer 7

receives urine from papillary ducts of ONE renal papilla

Question 8

how many major and minor calyces per kidney:

Answer 8

minor: 8-18
major: 2-3

they are spaces to move filtrate

Question 9

renal pelvis:

Answer 9

single large cavity in kidney connected ureter

Question 10

renal sinus:

Answer 10

combo of: renal pelvis, calyces, renal blood vessels and nerves

Question 11

difference btw filtrate and urine?

Answer 11

filtrate: products filtered in nephron all the way to minor calyx

then is called urine

Question 12

flow of filtrate/urine:

Answer 12

pyramids -> renal papillae -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter

Question 13

blood supply: kidney

Answer 13

renal arteries (from hilum) -> segmental arteries -> interlobar (around medulla) -> arcuate (base of medulla) -> afferent arterioles -> blood inside kidney

Question 14

nephron parts:

Answer 14

• renal corpuscle
• glomerulus
• glomerular (Bowman’s capsule)
• renal tubule
• proximal convoluted tubule
• loop of Henle
• distal convoluted tubule
• collecting ducts

Question 15

types of nephron:

Answer 15

cortical: in cortex
juxtamedullary: sit more inside medulla

Question 16

cortical nephron features:

Answer 16

80-85% nephrons

• renal corpuscle in outer portion of cortex and
• shorter loops of Henle only into outer region of medulla
• thick ascending limb of Loop of Henle
• tubules receive secretions from peritubular capillaries which reabsorb some filtrate

Question 17

juxtamedullary nephron features:

Answer 17

15-20% nephrons

• renal corpuscle deep in cortex
• long loops of Henle extend deep into medulla
• ascending limb of LOH has thin and thick portions
• tubules receive secretions from peritubular capillaries and casa recta -> also reabsorb some of the filtrate
• enable kidney to secrete very conc. urine

Question 18

glomerular capsule layers:

Answer 18

• visceral layer: modified s.s.e -> podocytes (pedicles, filtration slits) allow water and small molecules to filter into corpuscle space
• parietal layer: sse.
• capsular (Bowman’s) space-> blood not filtered passes into efferent arteries

Question 19

cells: proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Answer 19

simple cuboidal epithlium with microvilli brush border

Question 20

cells: Loop of Henle- thin ascending and thick descending limb

Answer 20

simple squamous epithelium

Question 21

cells: thick ascending limb

Answer 21

simple cuboidal cells, to low columnar epithelium

Question 22

cells: most of distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Answer 22

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 23

cells: last part of DCT and all of collecting duct

Answer 23

simple cuboidal epithelium, consisting of principle cells and intercalated cells

Question 24

macula densa: features and juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 24

macula - final part of LOH, in contact with afferent arteriole

juxtaglomerular- modified smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole wall

Question 25

ureters: features

Answer 25

muscular ducts carry urine from kidneys to bladder - retroperitoneal - stellate lumen (star shape) - 3 layered wall: muscosa, muscularis, adventitia - peristaltic movement

Question 26

ureters: blood supply

Answer 26

renal, testicular or ovarian arteries | - common iliac arteries

Question 27

urinary bladder general features/ location:

Answer 27

hollow organ with strong muscular wall, - distensible - pelvic cavity posterior to pubic symphysis

Question 28

ureters: mucosa cells and muscularis layers

Answer 28

transitional epithelium, lamina propria | - inner longitudinal, outer circular layers

Question 29

urinary bladder in relation to female body location:

Answer 29

inferior to uterus - anterior to rectum, - superior to vagina - posterior to pubic symphysis

Question 30

urinary bladder in relation to male body location:

Answer 30

anterior to rectum | - posterior to pubic symphysis

Question 31

urinary bladder: trigone

Answer 31

- floor - triangular shape - ureteral openings - internal urethral orifice

Question 32

urinary bladder: apex

Answer 32

points to pubic symphysis

Question 33

urinary bladder: internal urethral sphincter

Answer 33

meeting point of urethra and bladder

Question 34

urinary bladder: wall

Answer 34

- muscosa: transitional ep. lamina propria (forms rugae for distension) - muscularis - adventitia (poster, inferior aspects) - serosa (superior)

Question 35

detrusor muscle:

Answer 35

- inner longitudinal - middle circular - outer longitudinal

Question 36

female urethra: wall, ends at

Answer 36

ends in external urethral orifice mucosa, muscularis (circular layer)

Question 37

female urethra: mucosa cells

Answer 37

transitional - stratified columnar or pseudostratified columnar -> non keratinised simple squamous

Question 38

male urethra: parts

Answer 38

- prostatic urethra (btw prostate glands)- also seminal vesicles/ vas deferens openings - membranous urethra - spongy/ penile urethra ends in external urethral orifice

Question 39

micturition:

Answer 39

discharging urine from urinary bladder: combo or involuntary and voluntary muscle contraction