1. HLTH 108 > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

structually classify the respiratory system:

A

upper respiratory:

  • nose
  • pharynx

lower respiratory:

  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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2
Q

functionally classify the respiratory system:

A

conductive portion:

  • system of tubes carrying air to/from the lungs, conditioning it
  • nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

respiratory portion:

  • gas exchange
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli
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3
Q

list all respiratory epithelium: (6) and features

A
  • ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (rich goblet c.)
  • ciliated columnar
  • mucous goblet (glycoprotein)
  • basal (small, round stem)
  • brush (microvilli)
  • small granule (numerous granules, neuroendocrine system)
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4
Q

most common respiratory epithelium found where:

A

most of conductive portion of respiratory system:

- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with goblet cells

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5
Q

external nose: nasal bones

A

bridge: cartilage
- septal nasal cartilage
- lateral
- greater
- lesser alar

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6
Q

nostrils:

A

external nares

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7
Q

nasal vestibule features:

A
  • divided by septum
  • superior portion: mucous mem.-> respiratory epithelium
  • hairs (vibrissae)
  • sebaceous, sweat glands
  • filters large particles
  • continuous with skin of face
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8
Q

list external portions of nose

A

nasal bones, opening, nasal vestibule

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9
Q

list internal portions of nose:

A

nasal cavity, conchae, opening of paranasal sinuses, nasolacrimal duct, vascular system, internal nares (choane)

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10
Q

nasal cavity: features

A

divided by septum, covered in mucous membrane

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11
Q

conchae features/ function:

A

superior: olfactory region

middle, inferior: increase SA of nasal cavity, create turbulence-> warming, cooling and filtration of air

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12
Q

olfactory epithelium: features/ function

A

chemoreceptors: smell

cells:

  • supporting: sustentacular cells for mechanical, metabolic support
  • basal
  • olfactory: olfactory receptors -> respond to odoriferous substances dissolved in serous covering of epithelium

Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands

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13
Q

pharynx: general features/ location

A

13cm long tube connecting nasal/oral cavities/larynx (oesophagus)

  • wall of skeletal muscle, lined by mucous membrane,
  • passageway for food, air
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14
Q

name regions of pharynx:

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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15
Q

features: nasopharynx

A

btw post. nasal cavity and soft palate

  • openings for auditory (eustachian) tubes, pharyngeal tonsil
  • lined with respiratory epithelium
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16
Q

features: oropharynx

A

double passage

  • palatine, lingual tonsils
  • lined: stratified squamous epithelium
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17
Q

features: laryngopharynx

A

double passage

  • begins at level of hyoid bone
  • anterorinferiorly to larynx
  • posteroinferiorly to oesophagus
  • lined: stratified squamous epithelium
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18
Q

what are tonsils general:

A

accumulation of lymphoid tissue

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19
Q

list/ locate tonsils:

A
  • lingual: post. to tongue
  • palatine: inf. to soft palate
  • pharyngeal: near eustachian tube, back roof
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20
Q

larynx features:

A
  • connects laryngopharynx with trachea
  • midline of neck
  • anterior to oesophagus (C4-C6)
  • superior part of larynx/ vocal folds- stratified squamous epithelium
  • inferior part- respiratory epithelium
    9x cartilage= wall
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21
Q

list larynx wall: features and pairs

A
  • mainly hyaline cartilage, ligaments, intrinsic/extrinsic muscles
  • thyroid c.
  • epiglottis
  • cricoid c.
  • arytenoid (2)
  • corniculate (2)
  • cuneiform (2)
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22
Q

cartilage location/features: thyroid

A

anterior wall, connected to hyoid -> thyrohyoid membrane

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23
Q

cartilage location/features: epiglottis

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A

narrow inferior part, attached to thyroid c. and hyoid bone

  • closes glottis: folds (vocal chords) of mucous mem.
  • space btw rima glottidis (elastic cartilage)
24
Q

cartilage location/features : cricoid

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A

complete ring forming interior wall

  • cricothyroid/ cricotracheal ligaments
  • tracheostomy done here (incision: obstruction to airways)
25
cartilage location/features: ayrtenoid
posterosuperior border of cricoid
26
cartilage location/features: corniculate
horn shaped, apex of arytenoid
27
cartilage location/features: cuneiform
anterior to corniculate, support vocal cords, epiglottis
28
name two pairs of folds (mucous membrane):
ventricular folds | vocal folds
29
ventricular folds: features
false vocal cords, superior | - space in btw: rima ventriculi
30
vocal folds: features
true vocal cords, contains elastic ligament - moved by intrinsic muscles of larynx (posterior, lateral, cricoarytenoid) - space in btw: rima glottidis
31
vocal folds of larynx: function
- control airflow, allow production of sound | - contain skeletal muscle, and ligaments
32
trachea: general features
12 cm tube, anterior to oesophagus from larynx to superior border of T5 - divides into R/L primary bronchi
33
name layers in trachea wall:
mucosa, submucosa, media, adventitia
34
mucosa and submucosa made of:
m: respiratory epithelium, ct sm: areolar tissue (seromucous glands)
35
media and adventitia made f:
m: 16-20 incomplete C rings of hyaline c., completed by fibromuscular membrane, trachealis muscle (smooth) a: areolar tissue, joins trachea with surrounding tissue
36
primary bronchi: features
main bronchi, - incomplete ring of cartilage - R bronchi more vertical, shorter, wider
37
secondary bronchi: features
lobar bronchi: - 3 R bronchi - 2 L bronchi
38
tertiary bronchi: features
segmental bronchi: - 10 per lung - bronchopulmonary segment
39
blood supply: bronchi
bronchial arteries
40
list whole flowchart of bronchial tree: largest- smallest
primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi-> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli
41
transitions of cells in bronchial tree:
- tall pseudostratified ciliated columnar (bronchioles) -> simple non-ciliated cuboidal (terminal bronchioles) with macrophage present - plates of cartilage replace incomplete rings in primary b. -> disappear in smallest bronchioles - decrease in cartilage = increase in smooth muscle tissue - goblet cell numerous in trachea -> decrease until absent in terminal bronchioles (Clara cells)
42
lungs: general features
paired organ, in thoracic (plural) cavity - surrounded by pleura (serous mem.) - parietal and visceral mem.
43
lungs: surfaces and borders
base (near diaphragm), apex (superior to clavicle), costal (anterior), mediastinal -> hilum: primary bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics = root anterior, inferior, posterior border
44
L lung features:
10% smalller - cardiac notch - oblique fissure: superior/inferior lobes
45
R lung features:
thicker, broader, shorter | - oblique and horizontal fissure: sup/middle/inf lobes
46
respiratory bronchioles include:
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
47
alveolus: general features/ function
gas exchange, saclike invaginations - simple squamous epithelium - surrounded by network of capillaries - macrophage
48
types of alveolus cell:
Type I: 95% of surface - thin, allow gas exchange, organelles grouped around nucleus, few mitochondria Type II: - cuboidal, non-ciliated - rich in mitochondria - make surfactant: reduces surface tension, prevents alveolar collapse during expiration - facilitates expansion during inspiration
49
list parts of respiration:
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration
50
pulmonary ventilation:
inhalation/exhalation | - exchange air btw air spaces of lungs and environment
51
external respiration:
air spaces of lungs and pulmonary capillaries
52
internal respiration:
systemic capillaries and cells
53
respiration definition:
pressure difference btw lungs and atmosphere
54
inhalation features:
inspiration: decrease alveolar pressure -> increase of lungs - contraction of diaphragm and elevation/ outward movement of ribcage - from intercostal muscles, accessory muscles of inspiration
55
inhalation muscles:
sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis major
56
exhalation features:
reverse, increase of alveolar pressure
1. HLTH 108
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