1
Q
where do roots of the brachial plexus exit between?
A
anterior and middle scalene
2
Q
spasms of scalene muscles
A
can have a negative impact on the function of the plexus due to its proximity to the muscles
3
Q
spinal levels of brachial plexus
A
ventral rami of C5-T1
4
Q
what do roots of the brachial plexus turn into?
A
trunks
5
Q
what do C5 and C6 roots join together to form?
A
the upper trunk
6
Q
what does the ventral rami of C7 join with?
A
nothing, it continues by itself and makes the middle trunk
7
Q
what do C8 and T1 join together to form?
A
the lower trunk
8
Q
what does each trunk of the brachial plexus form?
A
an anterior and posterior division
9
Q
anterior division of upper and lower trunks
A
they join together and give rise to lateral cord
10
Q
all 3 posterior divisions of trunks
A
they merge and form the posterior cord
11
Q
anterior divison of the lower trunk
A
continues by itself and forms the medial cord
12
Q
where are trunks of the brachial plexus located?
A
they are contained within the posterior triangle of the neck
13
Q
where are divisions of the brachial plexus found?
A
behind the clavicle
14
Q
where are cords of the brachial plexus found?
A
within the axilla, surrounding the axillary artery according to their name (e.g. posterior, lateral…)
15
Q
5 parts of the brachial plexus
A
roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches (mnemonic is remember to drink cold beer)
16
Q
how many roots are there in the brachial plexus?
A
5
17
Q
how many trunks are there in the brachial plexus?
A
3
18
Q
how many divisions of the brachial plexus are there?
A
2 (anterior and posterior, and 3 of each of these), forming 6 all together
19
Q
how many cords of the brachial plexus are there?
A
3
20
Q
what would fractures of the clavicle result in?
A
damage to the divisions of the plexus
21
Q
branches of the brachial plexus
A
two groups; supraclavicular branches and infraclavicular branches
22
Q
supraclavicular branches
A
are one of two groups of branches of the plexus and arise from parts of the plexus which are located above the clavicle; arise from upper and middle roots or upper trunk; contains 4 pure motor nerves
23
Q
infraclavicular branches
A
are one of two branches of the plexus and all arise from cords of the plexus
24
Q
branches of supraclavicular branch
A
dorsal scapular, long thoracic, nerve to subclavius, and suprascapular; all are pure motor nerves
25
dorsal scapular branch
arises from C5 root and is a pure motor branch supplying levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles
26
long thoracic branch
arises from C5-7 roots and is a pure motor nerve supplying serratus anterior muscle
27
nerve to subclavius
arises from upper trunk of the brachial plexus and is a pure motor branch supplying the subclavius muscle
28
suprascapular nerve
is a pure motor nerve arising from the upper trunk and supplies supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
29
where does suprascapular nerve pass through?
the scapular notch on the superior border of the scapula
30
how many branches are there arising from the supraclavicular division?
4
31
branches arising from the lateral cord
lateral pectoral nerve, musculocutaneous, median nerve, and lateral branch of median nerve
32
how many branches arise from the lateral cord?
4
33
lateral pectoral nerve
is a pure motor nerve that arises from the lateral cord and supplies pectoralis major and sometimes pectoralis minor
34
where do lateral and medial pectoral nerves join together?
in front of the axillary artery
35
musculocutaneous
mixed branch of lateral cord and supplies muscles of the anterior compartment of arm and skin on the lateral side of the forearm
36
what structures make up the median nerve?
lateral root of median nerve and medial root of median nerve; so it comes from both lateral and medial cords
37
median nerve supply
motor goes to most of the muscles in the anterior compartment and a few muscles in the hand and sensory goes to the lateral 2/3 of the palmar aspect of the hand
38
median nerve sympathetic branch
a branch coming from T1 and median nerve goes to the brachial artery and enters into tunica intimas and innervates the smooth muscle fibres here to vasoconstrict during sympathetic innervation
39
cause of Raynaud's syndrome
is an overactive sympathetic branch of the median nerve causes too much vasoconstriction
40
main symptom of Raynaud
cold hands
41
branches of medial cord
medial pectoral nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of arm (sort of intercostalbrachialis), medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, medial root of median nerve, and ulnar nerve
42
how many branches of medial cord are there?
6
43
medial pectoral nerve
is a pure motor nerve arising from medial cord that supplies pectoralis major and minor
44
medial and lateral pectoral nerves
are commonly connected together by a nerve loop which passes in front of axillary artery
45
medial cutaneous nerve of arm
is a sensory branch for the medial side of the arm and arises from the medial cord; also receives from communicated from ventral rami of second intercostal nerve (T2) which is known as intercostal brachial nerve
46
intercostal brachial nerve
arises from T2 and communicates with medial cutaneous nerve of arm
47
sensory innervation for upper medial side of arm
intercostal brachial
48
sensory innervation for medial lower half of arm
medial cutaneous nerve of arm
49
most important branch arising from the medial cord
the ulnar nerve
50
ulnar nerve
is a mixed nerve that supplies some muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm, majority of the muscles in the hand region, and parts of the palmar and dorsal regions of the skin of the hand
51
medial root of median nerve
is the contributing part of the medial cord to the median nerve
52
median nerve
is a mixed nerve that supplies most of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm, a few hand muscles, and an area of the palmar aspect of the hand
53
branches of the posterior cord
upper subscapular nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, lower subscapular nerve, axillary nerve, and radial nerve
54
how many branches of the posterior cord are there?
5
55
what does the axillary nerve wrap around?
the surgical neck of the humerus; so with fractures of the humerus this nerve is often damaged
56
surface anatomy for surgical humeral neck/axillary nerve
one hand width below the acromonion
57
where does the posterior cord form?
behind the axillary artery
58
upper subscapular nerve
pure motor nerve supplying the upper half of subscapularis muscle
59
thoracodorsal nerve
is a pure motor nerve supplying latissimus dorsi
60
lower subscapular nerve
pure motor nerve that supplies the lower half of subscapularis muscle but also the teres major muscle
61
how does posterior cord end?
by dividing into two terminal branches that are axillary nerve and radial nerve
62
axillary nerve
is a mixed nerve that supplies deltoid and teres minor and the upper lateral half of the skin of arm
63
radial nerve
mixed nerve that supplies muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm and sensory branches to some skin of the arm, posterior skin of the forearm, and lateral 2/3 of dorsum of hand
64
what is the largest and most important branch of the brachial plexus?
the radial nerve
65
where does suprascapular nerve pass through?
the suprascapular notch which is just below the suprascapular ligament; then it reaches to infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles
66
where does axillary nerve pass through?
quadrangular space
67
where does radial nerve pass through?
triangular interval
68
what do sudden changes in positions of the arm or neck result in?
increased tension on the roots of the brachial plexus (common in some sports or childbirth), resulting in damage to the nerve roots of C5 and C6
69
Erb's palsy
is caused by C5 and C6 nerve roots being damaged due to increased tension on their roots, leading to weakness or paralysis of lateral rotators of the shoulder joint, flexors of the elbow, and extensors of the wrist joint; this results in waiter's tip position
70
waiter's tip position
is a result of erb's palsy and is medially rotated shoulder, extended elbow, and medial deviation of the wrist
71
what happens when the angle of the arm and the torso significantly increases?
damage to the lower roots of brachial plexus (C8 and T1) are stretched or torn, resulting in Klumpke's palsy
72
when does the angle of the arm and the torso significantly increases?
when falling from a tree or during childbirth is the baby has hand presentation
73
Klumpke's palsy
is when roots of C8 and T1 are damaged resulting in damage to majority of the intrinsic muscles of the hand (paralysis or weakness); results in loss of precision grip
74
power grip
is a grip like holding the hammer handle and uses extrinsic hand muscle
75
precision grip
is italian hand position and is done by the intrinsic hand muscles; would be lost in Klumpke's palsy
76
what is axillary artery a continuation of?
subclavian artery
77
end point of subclavian artery
is the lateral border of the 1st rib (this is also the start point of the axillary artery)
78
distal end of the axillary artery landmark
lower border of the teres major muscle
79
what does the axillary artery turn into?
the brachial artery (at the point of the lower border of teres major)
80
what feeds into the axillary vein?
brachial vein and cephalic vein
81
radiculopathy
compression of spinal roots due to muscle spasms
82
how to diagnose radiculopathy?
look for sensory defects on specific dermatomes or myotomes
83
neuropathy
is compression of peripheral nerves
84
how to treat neuropathy?
look for sensory loss or motor in areas of that specific nerve
85
sensory innervation for skin on the lateral side of the forearm
musculocutaneous nerve
86
motor innervation for muscles of the anterior arm compartment
musculocutaneous nerve
87
motor innervation for most of the muscles of the anterior forearm compartment
median nerve
88
sensory innervation for lateral 2/3 of palmar aspect of hand
median nerve
89
what nerve has a sympathetic branch in the brachial plexus?
median nerve
90
what nerve has sensory input of upper half of medial arm?
intercostobrachial nerve
91
what nerve supplies sensory input of lower half of medial arm?
medial cutaneous nerve of arm
92
what nerve supplies the medial 1/3 of palmar and dorsal aspects of the skin of hand?
ulnar nerve
93
what nerve supplies sensory input for lateral upper half of the arm?
axillary
94
what nerve has motor output for posterior compartments of arm and forearm?
radial enrve
95
what nerve supplies the sensory input for lateral 2/3 of dorsum of hand?
radial nerve
96
what nerve has sensory innervation for lower lateral half of arm?
radial nerve
97
what nerve has sensory innervation for posterior side of arm and forearm?
radial nerve
392
flashcards
Decks in class (28)
# Cards
-
muscles of the face/neck90
-
bones of the muscle and the face18
-
muscles of mastication135
-
vessels and nerves of the head and neck75
-
vertebral column, dermatomes and myotomes181
-
bone module for vertebrae44
-
back muscles and posterior abdominal wall173
-
pelvic wall and floor174
-
pelvis bone module11
-
major blood vessels and nerves of abdomen and pelvis87
-
gluteal region and hip joint119
-
anterior and medial thigh167
-
posterior thigh region161
-
leg159
-
foot pt 1139
-
foot pt 284
-
myotomes10
-
prime movers28
-
shoulder girdle104
-
shoulder region joint72
-
brachial plexus97
-
arm and elbow131
-
anterior compartment of forearm136
-
posterior compartment of forearm125
-
hand144
-
thoracic wall and lungs115
-
mediastinum and heart114
-
anterior abdominal muscle113
