Brain Scans (test 2)

Question 1

4 types of brain imaging

Answer 1

• electrical recordings (4)
• brain stimulation (2)
• structural imaging (4)
• dynamic imaging (5)

Question 2

single-cell recordings

Answer 2

• electrical recordings
• reads AP from an electrode placed adjacent to a neuron
• invasive
• can record at many spots with multiple electrons

Question 3

EEG

Answer 3

• electrical recordings
• electroencephalogram
• electrodes attached to a cap on the skull to record activity through APs
• can show different states of consciousness
• ongoing recording throughout the duration of the experiment

Question 4

awake/excited

Answer 4

beta rhythm

Question 5

relaxed/eyes closed

Answer 5

alpha waves

Question 6

drowsy

Answer 6

slower frequency and increased amplitude

Question 7

asleep

Answer 7

slower frequency and higher amplitude delta waves

Question 8

deep sleep

Answer 8

even slower and higher amplitude

Question 9

coma

Answer 9

further slowing

Question 10

ERP

Answer 10

• electrical recordings
• records like EEG but only when the stimulus is presented NOT ongoing
• can show location seizures start (starts in one place and recruits other brain areas)

Question 11

MEG

Answer 11

• electrical recording
• uses magnets
• detects the areas of greater magnetics intensity (electrical field) around neurons

Question 12

Intracranial brain stimulation

Answer 12

• brain stimulation
• electrodes implanted into brain to stimulate tissue
• invasive
• used for Parkinson’s disease sometimes

Question 13

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 13

• brain stimulation
• use magnetic stimulator outside of the skull
• not invasive
• the magnetic field causes close neurons to fire

Question 14

conventional radiography

Answer 14

• structural imaging
• use x-ray
• looks at fractures and gross brain abnormalities

Question 15

pneumoencephalography

Answer 15

• structural imaging
• uses x-ray
• remove a small amount of CSF from subarachnoid space
• replace with air
• sit up and track air as move up though ventricles
• invasive

Question 16

angiogram

Answer 16

• structural imaging
• uses x-ray
• inject x-ray absorbing substance into the bloodstream
• produces an image f the blood vessels

Question 17

computed tomography

Answer 17

• structural imaging
• uses x-ray
• takes 20 images at different angles
• makes a 3D image
• good at picking up big abnormalities

Question 18

positron emission tomography

Answer 18

• dynamic imaging
• PET
• an indirect measure of brain activity
• the radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream (15O2)
• shows blood flow, more flow is more active
• substance breaks up and releases positrons to stabilize, emit photons which are detected

Question 19

magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 19

• dynamic imaging
• MRI
• align hydrogen atoms
• how long does it take them to relax

Question 20

functional MRI (fMRI)

Answer 20

• dynamic imaging
• flipping hydrogen atoms
• use BOLD
• as they relax that causes increased blood flow to that areas so can see the oxygen going there
• less invasive than PET

Question 21

magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Answer 21

• dynamic imaging
• MRS
• detects nerve cells from other substance
• do not get an image

Question 22

diffuser tensor imaging

Answer 22

• dynamic imaging
• DTI
• images fiber pathway
• color is the direction of the pathway
• done by tracing the movement of water molecules
• green= between different U fibers
• red= sideways

Question 23

children concussions may impact

Answer 23

normal development

slower recovery