Kaiser
Head of German government during the German Empire.
Hammer and Sickle
Symbol for communism.
Gavrilo Princip
Murdered Archduke of Austria-Hungary, member of the Black Hand.
Romanov Family
Last imperial dynasty of Russia.
Alsace and Lorraine
Eastern France border region with Germany, taken by Germany before WWI, causing rivalry.
Ultimatum
10-point ultimatum from Austria-Hungary threatening action if demands were not met.
Mobilize
Set into motion, preparing military forces for war.
Neutrality
Choosing not to take sides in a conflict.
Trench warfare
Fighting style mainly on the Western Front using trenches for protection.
Stalemate
When neither side can make progress.
Schlieffen Plan
German plan to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating France first.
Archduke Ferdinand
Heir to Austria-Hungary, assassinated by the Black Hand.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
German leader who gave Austria-Hungary a “blank check” of support.
Czar Nicholas II
Last ruler of Russia before the communist revolution.
Western Front
France and Britain vs Germany, known for trench warfare and modern weapons.
Eastern Front
Germany vs Russia, more movement and less advanced than Western Front.
WWI in Africa
Colonies became battlefields between European powers.
New inventions and innovations in WWI
Machine guns, submarines, tanks, airplanes, poison gas.
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
U-boats
German submarines.
Allied Powers
France, Britain, Russia, Italy, and later the United States.
Ottoman Empire
Lost most of its land after WWI under the Mandate System.
Rasputin
Influential figure in Russian royal family, difficult to kill.
Zimmerman Telegram
German message promising Mexico US land if they joined Germany, led US into WWI.
