When do authors use simple sentences?
-to express facts or opinions strongly
When do they use compound sentences?
-to link related ideas such as causes and effects
How many clauses does a simple sentence have? What kind of elements may come after the verb?
- has only one clause, called a main clause or an independent clause (must have a S and V)
- object, prepositional phrase, adjective, adverb
What must be the subject of a sentence? Name some kinds
- must be a noun phrase
- adjective + noun, pronoun, noun and noun
- noun + prepositional phrase, noun + relative clause,
- gerund
What can the verb of a sentence consist of?
- a single main verb
- or a main verb with an auxiliary verb (be, do, and have) ,or a model (can and will) , could also consist of more than one verb
What is a sentence called when a subject or a verb is missing?
-fragment
How can you connect independent clauses? Name some
- with transition words (->makes the relationship bw. two ideas clear)
- As a result, consequently, furthermore, however
- put a period or a semicolon before a transition word, use a comma after a transition word
- / only a semicolon (no trans. word) if clauses are closely related
Which two kind of sentence should you avoid?
- run-on sentence and comma splice
- run-on sentence: two independent sentence without a coordinating conjunction (missing and, but, or, so, yet)
- comma splice: two independent clauses are combined with a comma (put a period between them)
Which two words should not introduce a sentence even though it is common?
-And or but
What is the complex sentence consist of?
-have one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
How is a dependent sentence introduced?
- by a subordinator
- >shows the relationship between the two thing
Name some examples for subordinators?
- although, after, as if, before
- if, since, whereas, whether, while
How does a use of a comma is represented in a complex sentence?
-when the dependent clause comes first, use a comma to separate it from ind. clause
Which subordinators do you use to express cause and effect relationships?
-because, if, since
What is also a fragment mistake?
-a dependent clause that is not connected with the independent clause
How can you avoid dependent clause mistakes?
- connect the dependent clause with the independent clause (by putting a comma (if the dependent comes first))
- change the subordinator to a transition word that can introduce an independent clause
How can a cause and effect relationship be shown?
-through the use of the nouns cause, reason, and factor
Name two expressions and patterns that are commonly used with the noun cause and a form of the verb be
- … is a/one cause of….
- Another cause of … is….
What does a cause clause usually express?
- a negative effect
- does not usually occur with words that are related to success or positive results
Name some expressions and patterns that are commonly used with the noun reason and a form of the verb be
- One reason (why) … is …
- The reason for … is …
- … . For this reason / these reasons, ….
Name two expressions and patterns that are commonly used with the noun factor and a form of the verb be
- … is a / one factor in …
- Another factor in … is …
Name some adjectives that most frequently occur with cause
- leading, probable, common, root
- underlying, exact, major, likely
- main, important, primary
Name some adjectives that most frequently occur with reason
-good, major, real, main, primary, biggest
Name some adjectives that most frequently occur with factor
-important, another, major, key, significant, critical
