Reduction with the verb to be (active)
- delete subject and to be (if it is after conjunction (Where, When, While, as if, if, though, although)
- > Where it is necessary, … (->Where necessary,…)
- > When he was in London,… (->When in London,…)
How are adverbial clause reduced if they are happening at the same time?
- use present participle or -ing participle
- > While he was travelling the world,…
- > While travelling the world,…
How adverbials with reason conjunctions reduced?
-as, because, since are deleted
What happens if the subject are not the same in (same time)?
- have to be same
- >cannot be reduced
What happens if the subject are not the same in (different time)?
-use both of them in reduced form
->Because it was sunny, we decided to go for a picnic
It being sunny, we decided to go for a picnic
What can you use in place of so, and and
- present participle
- > We went to his room and closed the door behind him
- > We went to his room, closing the door behind him
How do you make a participle phrase negative?
-by putting not before
What can ing participles also indicate?
- manner
- >Using a ruler, John…
How are adverbial clause reduced if they are happening at the different time? (passive)
- use the active form of perfect participle (having + V3)
- > As he had lost his money, he was penniless
- > Having lost his money, he was penniless
Reduction with the verb to be (passive)
- subject and the verb to be are omitted and the past participle of the verb is used
- Although he was exhausted, he went…
- > Although exhausted, he went…
How are adverbial clause reduced if they are happening at the different time? (passive)
- passive form of present participle (having been V3)
- > After we were given a map of the city, …
- > Having been given a ….
