How can you report a statement?
- use direct speech to quote people’s exact word (use inverted commas )
- use reported speech for the exact meaning of what someone said without using the same words (no inverted commas)
Which two versions of reported speech do exist?
-report someone’s words either a long time(out-of-date) or a short time(up-to-date) after they were said
Which three verbs are used in direct /reported speech?
-say, tell, ask
How is say used?
- can be used with or without a personal object (in dir.)
- > used with personal obj: always followed with to (said to me)
- reported speech: no object pronoun (can be followed with that)
How is tell used?
-can be used in direct and reported speech and is always followed with a personal object
What is the difference between tell and say?
- personal object is in tell always used but not in say (only in direct (not necessary)
- the use of personal object is different (to needed in say):
- > said to me/ told me
How is ask used?
-used in report questions and requests, also used in direct questions
How do you make a present sentence into reported speech?
- simple present becomes simple past
- >”I play the guitar” He said he played…
How do you make a present continuous sentence into reported speech?
-simple present continuous becomes past continuous
How do you make a present perfect continuous sentence into reported speech?
-present perfect becomes past perfect
How do you make a past sentence into reported speech?
-simple past/ past perfect
How do you make a past continuous sentence into reported speech?
-past continuous/ past perfect continuous
How do you make a future will sentence into reported speech?
-conditional would
Which tense remains the same if you change it into reported speech?
-the past perfect and past perfect continuous
How do certain modals change in reported speech? (will, can, may, shall (asking for advise), shall (expressing offers), must (obligation), needn’t
-will-would; can-could; can-could, would be able to( future reference); may-might; shall-should; shall-offer; must-must/had to; needn’t- needn’t, didn’t need to, didn’t have to
Which modals do not change?
-would, could, might, should, ought, had better, used to, mustn’t, must does not change if it is about a logical assumption
When do the tenses not change in reported speech?
- when the introductory verb (says, tells, etc.) simple present, future, or present perfect ->”I live in Tokyo,” he says. He says that he lives in Tokyo
- when a speaker reports after a short time it was said (up to date reporting)
- the reported sentence deals with type 2/3 conditionals
When can the tense be either changed or remained
-when the speaker reports a general truth, a law of nature, or a permanent state
