Carbs and Basic Biomolecules

Question 1

What are some examples of biological molecules

Answer 1

Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleotides

Question 2

What is the use for Na +

Answer 2

Involved in co-transport, reabsorption of water in the kidney and nerve impulses within a sodium potassium pump.

Question 3

What is the use for K +

Answer 3

Stomal openings and Nerve impulses

Question 4

What is the use for H +

Answer 4

pH regulation and translocation

Question 5

What is the use for NH4 +

Answer 5

Involved in the nitrogen cycle

Question 6

What is the use for Ca 2+

Answer 6

Muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission

Question 7

What is the use of NO3 -

Answer 7

it is a mineral ion absorbed by plants to provide a source of nitrogen to make amino acids

Question 8

What is the use of Po4 3-

Answer 8

Involved in the formation of the phospholipids for cell membranes, nucleic acids and ATP formation.

Question 8

What is the use of Cl -

Answer 8

Involved in the transport of carbon dioxide within the blood as they are a part of the chloride shift to balance charges

Question 8

What is the use of HCO3 -

Answer 8

Involved with the transport of CO2 in the blood.

Question 9

What is the use of OH -

Answer 9

pH determination and acts as a catalyst

Question 10

What molecules make up Carbohydrates?

Answer 10

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Cx(H20)x

Question 11

What molecules make up Lipids

Answer 11

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen

Question 12

What molecules/elements make up proteins

Answer 12

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

Question 13

What molecules make up nucleotides

Answer 13

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (P)

Question 14

What are Monosaccharides

Answer 14

They are simple sugars containing 3-7 carbon atoms, with high melting points, they are white crystalline solids with a sweet taste and are non-toxic

Question 15

How to tell the difference between alpha glucose and galactose

Answer 15

In alpha glucose, the OH group on carbon four is below the ring where as on galactose the OH group on carbon four is above the ring

Question 16

How to tell the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

Answer 16

In alpha glucose, the OH group on carbon one is below the ring (sucrose) where as on beta glucose the OH group on carbon one is above the ring (Cellulose)

Question 17

What is Lactose made of

Answer 17

D-Galactose-D-Glucose

Question 18

What is Sucrose made of

Answer 18

D-Glucose-D-Fructose

Question 19

What is Maltose made of

Answer 19

D-Glucose-D-Glucose

Question 20

How does a Monosaccharide form a disaccharide

Answer 20

A glycosidic bond between each Monosaccharide forms with the loss of water (a condensation reaction)

Question 21

What is the formula for glucose

Answer 21

C6H12O6

Question 22

How many carbons in glucose?

Answer 22

It has six therefore it is a hexose monosaccharide

Question 23

What are pentose monosaccharides

Answer 23

They are sugars that contain 5 carbons, like ribose and deoxyribose

Question 24

Why is Amylose less soluble than the glucose molecules used to make it?

Answer 24

The angle of the bonds (1-4 carbon bonds) means that the long glucose chain twists to form a helix which is further stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Question 25

Why does Amylopectin have a branch structure

Answer 25

It is made of BOTH 1-4 glycosidic bonds on alpha particles (Like amylose) But also some glycosidic bonds between carbon 1 and carbon 6 on two glucose molecules.

Question 26

What is the human equivalent to starch

Answer 26

Glycogen

Question 27

Why is it important that glycogen forms more branches than starch

Answer 27

This means it is more compact than starch and less space is needed to store it allowing us to be more mobile then plants. The branching also means there are many free ends where glucose molecules can be added or removed.

Question 28

What are the key properties of starch and glycogen

Answer 28

Insoluble, branched and compact

Question 29

What type of reaction allows the release of glucose for respiration

Answer 29

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 30

What structure do cellulose come in and why

Answer 30

Cellulose molecule is straight and unbranched due to beta glucose having to be flipped every two too make a polysaccharide

Question 31

What do cellulose molecules form

Answer 31

Cellulose molecules form microfibrils, which form together to make macrofibrils which combine to make fibres which make cell walls

Question 32

What are Oligosaccharides

Answer 32

Shorter chains of polysaccharides

Question 33

What is osmotic potential

Answer 33

It is when water will move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

Question 34

What are the properties of polysaccharides

Answer 34

Not sweet, Insoluble, Do not form crystals, Compact, Can be extracted to form a white powder, Not osmotically active inside cells

Question 35

What are the 2 forms of starch in plants

Answer 35

Amylose and Amylopectin

Question 36

What is amylose

Answer 36

Plant Polysaccharide , made of alpha glucose, not branched, helix structure, with 1-4 bonds

Question 37

What is amylopectin

Answer 37

Plant Polysaccharide , branch every 20 glucoses made of alpha glucose, branched, with 1-4 bonds and 1-6 bonds

Question 38

What is Glycogen?

Answer 38

Animal Polysaccharide , branch every 10 glucoses made of alpha glucose, branched, with 1-4 bonds and 1-6 bonds

Question 39

How does glycogen act as an energy source

Answer 39

Glycogen can be hydrolysed to glucose. The glucose could then be used to release energy through the process of respiration

Question 40

Explain how starch is adapted to its function in the cells of plants.

Answer 40

Starch is insoluble in water, so can be stored without affecting the cell’s water potential. Starch is helical in shape, making it compact for storage. Starch is a large molecule, so is unable to leave the cell.