Ecosystem management

Question 1

What animals and plants are present at snowdonia

Answer 1

Coast and estuary birds, forest birds.

Snowdon lily, woodland.

Question 2

What plants and animals live on the Galapagos islands?

Answer 2

Giant tortoises
Marine Iguanas
Rice rat
Flightless cormorant

Question 3

Governmental regulation of fishing can be enforced by:

Answer 3

Establishing fishing quotas

Agreeing areas of the ocean where fishing is banned (eg. spawning grounds) and permitted (eg. within a country’s territorial waters)

Regulating mesh size of nets (to allow undersized/juvenile fish to escape)

Limiting the size of the fishing fleet by issuing licenses

Inspecting the catch as a fishing boat returns to port

Banning certain practices eg. gillnets (static nets that catch anything that swims by, and the fish struggle and die in distress)

Promoting sustainable practices such as trolling (different to trawling) that reduces bycatch

Question 4

What is Coppicing?

Answer 4

Coppicing involves felling trees close to the ground and leaving the stump of the tree in the ground; new shoots can grow from the stump and can be harvested again after around 7 years

Woodlands can be divided into regions and coppiced on rotation so that only small areas of the woodland will be lacking in mature growth at any one time

Coppicing means that trees remain relatively small and light can always reach the ground; this leads to more diverse woodland

Question 5

What is pollarding?

Answer 5

Pollarding is similar to coppicing but the trees are cut 2-3 metres above the ground, leaving the mature tree trunk in place

This brings many of the same benefits of coppicing but means that herbivores are less likely to be able to reach and consume the new shoots as they grow

Question 6

What are some examples of Human Impact on the Environment?

Answer 6

Burning fossil fuels
The introduction of non-native species
Hunting
Habitat loss

Question 7

How do we control the effects of human activities

Answer 7

prohibiting import and export of species

putting restrictions in place to control the impact of humans on animal and plant populations, e.g.

Certain areas cannot be used for agriculture, housing and infrastructure

Policies are in place to ensure environmental tests are carried out before building on undeveloped land

reducing sources of greenhouse gases, for example the burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat, or transport

increasing the capacity of “sinks” that store greenhouse gases, such as the oceans, forests, and soil

Question 8

What are the key principles of ecotourism are to?

Answer 8

Ensure that tourism does not explain the naturally environment or local communities

Consult and engage with local communities on planned developments

Ensure that infrastructure improvements benefit local people as well as visitors

Question 9

What forms of conservation occur in Masai Mara

Answer 9

Employment of reserve ranger

Control of elephant population

Legal hunting to cull excess animals

Livestock also faces threats from migratory wildlife.

Provision of communication equipment, vehicles and other necessary equipment and infrastructure.

Scientific research projects by, Michigan state university (studying hyena), Subalusky and Dutton (river flow study), Mara predator project (monitor lion populations), Mara-Meru cheetah project (cheetah population)

Question 10

Aims of sustainability

Answer 10

Preserve environment
Ensure resources are availability for future generations.
Allow humans in all societies to live comfortably
Enable less economically developed countries to develop through using their natural resources
Create even balance of consumption from low economically developed countries and high.

Question 11

Qualities of sustainable timber production

Answer 11

Allows for maintenance of biodiversity aswell as production of timber.

Allow trees to grow, cut tree down to base 7-20 years wood regrows then recut, repeat process. Or pollard tree and repeat same process,

Question 12

Large scale sustainable timber production qualities:

Answer 12

Selective cutting, only largest trees

Replace trees through replanting, planting in correct spacing with suffice waster

Manage pest and pathogens

Ensure areas of forest remain for indigenous people.

Question 13

What is the disadvantage of timber production.

Answer 13

Major habitat destruction.

Question 14

How does Nepal promote sustainable forestry?

Answer 14

Sustainable forest management allowing for improved soil and water,

increase in the retail price of forestry products (great economic input),

Sustainable wood fuel sources

Securing biodiversity.

Question 15

How does Nepal promote sustainable agriculture?

Answer 15

Promote production of fruit and vegetation within hilly areas

Improving irrigation facilities to enhance crop production

Multiple cropping where more than one crop is grown on a piece of land each growing season.

Growth of nitrogen fixing crops such as pulses and legumes.

improving fertilization techniques to increase crop yield.

Question 16

How are loweland bogs conserved.

Answer 16

Ensuring the peat an vegetation of the bog surface is as undisturbed and as wet as possible.

Ditch blocking may be required for a period of time to raise the water table to the bog surface.

Removal of seedling trees from the area.

Using controlled grazing to maintain the biodiversity of peatland. Allowing for a wide range of habitats for many rare insects.

Question 17

What is a peat bog?

Answer 17

It is a region of wet, spongy ground that contains decomposing vegetation.

Question 18

How are enviromentally sensitive areas protected.

Answer 18

Limiting the areas tourists can visit
Controlling movement of livestock
Introducing ant poaching measures
Replanting forests.

Question 19

Control of human activities in the Galapagos islands

Answer 19

Introduction of park rangers across the islands
limiting human access to particular islands or specific areas within islands
Strict controls over movement of introduced naimals such as pigs.

Question 20

What animals are present on Antarctica

Answer 20

Emperor penguin
Wingless Midges

Question 21

What plants are present on Antarctica

Answer 21

Lichen
Moss
Algae

Question 22

Examples of human activities that effect Antarctica

Answer 22

Global warming
Hunting of whales and seals
Soil contamination
Discharging waste

Question 23

What are some provisions of the Antarctic Treat (1961)

Answer 23

Scientific cooperation between nations
Protection of the environment
Conservation of plants and animals
Designation and management of protected aread
Management of tourism

Question 24

What are they key purposes of they park authorities within snowdonia?

Answer 24

Conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the area
Promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the park
Enhance the economic and social well-being of communities within the park
The selective placement of Dinorwig power station to allow for the beauty of the park to be maintained

Question 25

Control of human activities within the lake district?

Answer 25

Replanting of native species Protection of wildlife

Question 26

What is Clear-felling?

Answer 26

Clear-felling (or clearcutting) is a forestry practice where most or all trees in a specific area are uniformly cut down in a single operation

Question 27

What are the strenght of coppicing for an ecosystem.

Answer 27

Coppicing is highly beneficial for biodiversity, creating a mosaic of habitats at different growth stages. National Coppice Federation National Coppice Federation Increased Light: Cutting trees to the base allows sunlight to reach the forest floor, encouraging the growth of ground flora such as bluebells, primroses, and wood anemones. Habitat Diversity: The resulting range of microhabitats attracts a wide variety of wildlife, including: Invertebrates and Pollinators: Abundant flowers provide nectar for butterflies (like the increasingly rare pearl-bordered fritillary and high brown fritillary), moths, bumblebees, and dragonflies. Birds: The dense, low-level regrowth and scrub provide ideal nesting sites and cover for species like nightingales, warblers, and chiffchaffs. Mammals: Small mammals, including the protected dormouse, thrive in the dense understory which offers cover, food sources, and safe passage through the canopy. Tree Health and Longevity: The practice helps prevent overcrowding, reduces the manifestation of dead or diseased wood, and can significantly extend the natural lifespan of individual trees, with some coppice stools living for hundreds or even thousands of years.