Cardiology - VHD

Question 1

Aortic stenosis

Answer 1

• Degenerative calcification (most common cause in older patients > 65 years)
• Bicuspid aortic valve (most common cause in younger patients < 65 years)
• William’s syndrome (supravalvular aortic stenosis)
• Post-rheumatic disease
• Subvalvular: HOCM

Question 2

Chronic Mitral Regurgitation

Answer 2

• MVP
• Infective Endocarditis
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
• Ischemic heart disease
• Ventricular dilatation
• Marfan syndrome

Question 3

Bicuspid aortic valve

Answer 3

• Turner’s syndrome

Question 4

Aortic regurgitation

Answer 4

Aortic valve leaflet disease:

• Rheumatic heart disease,
• Endocarditis,
• Bicuspid aortic valve,
• Trauma,
• Myxomatous degeneration,
• Ankylosing spondylitis,
• Acromegaly,
• Medications (e.g, fenfluramine-phentermine)

Ascending aorta, aortic root disease:

• Hypertension,
• Aortitis (incl. syphilis),
• Ankylosing spondylitis,
• Dissecting aneurysm,
• Ehlers-Danlos,
• Inflammatory bowel disease,
• Reactive arthritis,
• Marfan syndrome

Question 5

Tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 5

• Right ventricular dilation
• Pulmonary hypertension e.g. COPD
• Congestive cardiac failure,
• Rheumatic (associated with mitral and/or aortic valve disease),
• Right heart endocarditis as in drug addicts
• Ebstein’s anomaly
• Carcinoid syndrome

Question 6

Pulmonary stenosis

Answer 6

• Congenital – Noonan, Williams
• Rheumatic
• Carcinoid