Cardiovascular

Question 1

Tissue that is dense due to more absorption of x-rau show up as? what about lower density?

Answer 1

white image; black on film (radiolucent)

Question 2

standard anatomical position

Answer 2

upright posture, thumb point out laterally.

Question 3

Name the four planes

Three sections

Answer 3

1. median plane
2. sagittal plane
3. coronal plane (frontal)
4. transverse plane (axial)
5. longitudinal section, transverse (cross section), oblique section

Question 4

1. location of thorax
2. thorax wall contain (7)
3. thoracic cavity contain (5)

Answer 4

1. region of trunk between neck and abdomen
2. skin
   fascia
   nerves
   vessels
   muscles
   cartilage
   bones
3. heart
   lungs
   thymus
   distal trachea
   esophagus

Question 5

1. function of integumentary system

2. Function of superficial & deep fascia

Answer 5

1. skin (epidermis + dermis); provides protection, regulates heat, transmits sensatins
2. superficial fascia: location of cutaneous vessels & nerves and fat storage
   deep fascia hold structures in place

Question 6

difference between artery branch and tributaries of veins in major systemic blood vessels of body

Answer 6

arteries branch off as blood flow from the heart. Tributaries veins merge into larger veins as blood flow back to the heart.

Question 7

1. Function of lymph system

2. Two major lymph vessels

Answer 7

1. return excess tissue fluid (lymph) to bloodstream. Nodes filter foreign materials, trigger immune system
2. thoracic duct 3/4 of body empties into left subclavian vein
   right lymphatic duct drains upper R quadrant, empties into right subclavian vein.

Question 8

1. pulmonary circulation

2. systemic circulation

Answer 8

1. pulm arteries bring low O2 blood from heart to lungs
2. systemic arteries bring high O2 blood from hear to body tissues, systemic vein bring low O2 blood from body tissues to heart.

Question 9

Orientation of heart

Answer 9

mostly left in thorax cavity
apex pointed anteroinferiorly
right surface mostly R atrium
anterior surface is mostly R ventricle
left surface is mostly left ventricle

Question 10

Four layers of the heart

Answer 10

1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Serous pericardium (continuous membrane that forms two layers separated by serous filled pericardial cavity)
   - parietal pericardium-ahered to deep surface of fibrous pericardium
   - visceral pericardium (epicardium)- outer layer of hear tissue
3. myocardium-thick middle layer of specialized cardiac muscle
4. endocardium- thin lining membrane of the heart that also lines the valves.

Question 11

Right atrium receives and pump blood from?

The structures associated?

Answer 11

1. received deoxy from body via SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus and pump blood to the right ventricle passes through tricuspid valve.
2. right auricle, pectinate muscles, opening of coronary sinus, fossa ovalis

Question 12

1. Auricle lined with what muscle?

2. What was the past function of fossa ovalis?

Answer 12

1. auricle and anterior part of atrium are lined with pectinate muscles
2. remnant of fetal valve in atrial septum which shunt blood from R atrium to L atrium by pass non-functioning lungs

Question 13

1. Function of R ventricle

2. structure associated

Answer 13

1. pumps blood through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk (artery) carrying low oxy blood to lungs
2. pulmonary semilunar valve
   tricuspid valve
   chordae tendineae
   papillary muscles (3)

Question 14

1. left atrium function

2. structures

Answer 14

1. 4 pulmonary veins receive well oxy blood from lungs and into L atrium
2. L auricle projects anteriorly
   pectinate muscles
   foramen ovale
   blood leaves through mitral valve to L ventricle

Question 15

1. Function and structure of L ventricle

Answer 15

1. pump blood through aortic semilunar valve into aortic arch
2. mitral (bicuspid) valve
   chordae tendineae
   papillary muscle (2)
   trabeculae carneae
   very thick walls

Question 16

Four heart valves and its function

Answer 16

1. ricuspid-prevent backflow through R atrioventricular orifice
2. pulmonary semilunar valve-prevvent backflow from pulmonary artery to R ventricle (3 cusps)
3. bicuspid mitral-prevent backflow thru L atrioventricular orifice
4. aortic semilunar valve-prevent backflow from aorta into L ventricle (3 cusps)
5. CHordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent cusps from inverting back into the atria due to pressure of blood inventricles

Question 17

Function of coronary arteries R/L

Answer 17

1. Supply heart tissue, 1st branches of aorta, arises from aortic sinuses.
2. R Coronary a-supplies R atrium, most R ventricle, part of L ventricle
3. L coronary a- supplies left atrium, most of L ventricle, part of R ventricle

Question 18

1. function of cardiac veins and its pathway

Answer 18

cardiac veins drain into–> coronary sinus–> Right atrium

Question 19

location of SA node and its function

Answer 19

SA node is near the opening of SVC; it is the heart’s pacemaker creating AP spreads throughout muscular walls causing chambers to contract

Question 20

Innervation of Heart:

1. sympathetic nn
2. parasym

Answer 20

1. symp (T1-T5 cardiac nn)–> increase HR, Stroke volumbe, nad dilate coronary aa
2. parasymp (vagus n)–>slow HRD, decrease stroke vol, constrict coronary aa

Question 21

Organization of NS: sensory, motor, visceral, somatic, autonomic motor, somatic motor

Answer 21

NS branch into two
1. sensory (afferent)- transmit info from periphery to CNS
A. visceral sensory- receives info from viscera
B. somatic sensory-receives info from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles.

2. motor (efferent)-transmit info from CNS to body
   A. Autonomic motor-involuntary, innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
   -sympathetic
   -parasympathetic
   B. Somatic motor-voluntary, innervates skeletal muscle

Question 22

Autonomic NS structure, origin of presynaptic cell bodies and function

1. sym
2. para

Answer 22

origin of presynaptic cell bodies
1. thoracolumbar T1-L2 level of spinal cord
function: fight or flight, catabolic (expend energy)
2. craniosacral:
brain- CN 3, 7, 9, 10 (vagus)
spinal cord-S2-S4
function: rest & digest, homeostasis

Question 23

symp/para autonomic function for 
heart-
lung-
stomach-
sm.intestine-
lg intestine-
liver-
kidney-
adrenal medulla-
bladder-

Answer 23

heart- sym:HR & force increase;
para: decrease
lung- sym: bronchial smooth muscle relaxed
para: contracted
stomach sym: peristalsis reduced
para: gastric juice secreted; motile up
sm.intestine- sym: motility reduced
para: digestion increased
lg intestine- sym: motility reduced
para: secretion & motile up
liver- sym: increased conversion of glycogen to glucose
para:
kidney- sym: decreased urine secretion
para: increased
adrenal medulla- sym: norepinephrine & epinenephrine secreted
para:
bladder- sym: wall relaxed, sphincter closed
para: wall contracted, sphincter relaxed

Question 24

5 division of mediastinum

Answer 24

1. superior
2. posterior
3. transverse thoracic plane (not a division)
4. anterior
5. middle

Question 25

Location of anterior mediastinum | what it contains

Answer 25

1. between body of sternum & pericardium 2. remnants of thymus internal thoracic a & branches lymph nodes fat connective tissue

Question 26

Description of mediastinum

Answer 26

- Mediastinum is an interpleaural space (area btw the pleural cavities - contain all the thoracic viscera and structures except lungs - extends from superior thoracic aperture to diaphragm and from sternum to thoracic vertebrae. - had 4 divisions

Question 27

Middle mediastinum and its contents

Answer 27

1. btw R/L pleural cavities 2. pericardium heart acending aorta pulmonary trunk superior VC arch of azygos vein primary bronchi

Question 28

Superior mediastinum location and contents

Answer 28

1. superior thoracic aperture to transverse thoracic plane (sternal angle to T4-T5 2. brachiocephalic veins superior vena cava arch of aorta & branches (ABCS) trachea esophagus thoracic duct thymus (early childhood) vagus nerve Left recurrent laryngeal nerve phrenic nerve

Question 29

Mediastinum great vessels (6 arteries, 3 veins)

Answer 29

Arteries 1. Right common carotid artery 2. Right subclavian artery 3. left common carotid artery 4. left subclavian artery 5. brachiocephalic trunk 6. aortic arch Veins 1. Right brachiocephalic vein 2. left brachiocephalic vein 3. superior vena cava

Question 30

Posterior Mediastinum location & contents

Answer 30

1. btw pericardium an dT4-T12 vertebra 2. esophagus descending thoracic aorta thoracic duct axygos & hemiazygos veins vagus nerves symp trunk

Question 31

Veins of thorax (6)

Answer 31

1. brachiocephalic V 2. superior VC (upper body) 3. inferior VC (lower body) 4. brachiocephalic vV drain R thorax 5. hemiazygos drains L thorax

Question 32

Middle mediastinum and its contents

Answer 32

1. btw R/L pleural cavities 2. pericardium heart acending aorta pulmonary trunk superior VC arch of azygos vein primary bronchi

Question 33

Superior mediastinum location and contents

Answer 33

1. superior thoracic aperture to transverse thoracic plane (sternal angle to T4-T5 2. brachiocephalic veins superior vena cava arch of aorta & branches (ABCS) trachea esophagus thoracic duct thymus (early childhood) vagus nerve Left recurrent laryngeal nerve phrenic nerve

Question 34

Mediastinum great vessels (6 arteries, 3 veins)

Answer 34

Arteries 1. Right common carotid artery 2. Right subclavian artery 3. left common carotid artery 4. left subclavian artery 5. brachiocephalic trunk 6. aortic arch Veins 1. Right brachiocephalic vein 2. left brachiocephalic vein 3. superior vena cava

Question 35

Posterior Mediastinum location & contents

Answer 35

1. btw pericardium an dT4-T12 vertebra 2. esophagus descending thoracic aorta thoracic duct axygos & hemiazygos veins vagus nerves symp trunk

Question 36

Veins of thorax (6)

Answer 36

1. brachiocephalic V 2. superior VC (upper body) 3. inferior VC (lower body) 4. brachiocephalic vV drain R thorax 5. hemiazygos drains L thorax

Question 37

Middle mediastinum and its contents

Answer 37

1. btw R/L pleural cavities 2. pericardium heart acending aorta pulmonary trunk superior VC arch of azygos vein primary bronchi

Question 38

Superior mediastinum location and contents

Answer 38

1. superior thoracic aperture to transverse thoracic plane (sternal angle to T4-T5 2. brachiocephalic veins superior vena cava arch of aorta & branches (ABCS) trachea esophagus thoracic duct thymus (early childhood) vagus nerve Left recurrent laryngeal nerve phrenic nerve

Question 39

Mediastinum great vessels (6 arteries, 3 veins)

Answer 39

Arteries 1. Right common carotid artery 2. Right subclavian artery 3. left common carotid artery 4. left subclavian artery 5. brachiocephalic trunk 6. aortic arch Veins 1. Right brachiocephalic vein 2. left brachiocephalic vein 3. superior vena cava

Question 40

Posterior Mediastinum location & contents

Answer 40

1. btw pericardium an dT4-T12 vertebra 2. esophagus descending thoracic aorta thoracic duct axygos & hemiazygos veins vagus nerves symp trunk

Question 41

Veins of thorax (6)

Answer 41

1. brachiocephalic V 2. superior VC (upper body) 3. inferior VC (lower body) 4. brachiocephalic vV drain R thorax 5. hemiazygos drains L thorax