The Foot

Question 1

Three parts of foot

Answer 1

1. Hindfoot= talus, calcaneus
2. Midfoot=navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms
3. Forefoot=metatarsals, phalanges

Question 2

7 bones in Tarsus

Answer 2

1. talus
2. calcaneous
3. navicular
4. cuboid
5. cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral)

Question 3

Talus

1. The body of talus articulate with?
2. function of talus
3. It’s the only tarsal bone without?

Answer 3

1. tibia & fibula
2. transmit weight of body from tibia to fibula
3. without muscle attachments

Question 4

Calcaneus

1. distinguisher in the foot as?
2. articulate with?
3. function
4. sustentaculum tali:

Answer 4

1. largest, strongest bone of the foot
2. talus superiorly, cuboid anteriorly
3. transmit weight from talus to ground
4. “pulley” for flexor hallucis longus

Question 5

1. Navicular bone shape & location
2. Cuboid shape & location
3. cuneiform shape & location

Answer 5

1. boat-shaped; btw talus & cuniforms
2. leystone of lateral longitudinal arch; most lateral bone
3. wedge-shaped; transverse arch btw navicular & medial 3 metatarsals

Question 6

1. plantarflexion/dorsiflexion at what joint

2. eversion/inversion at what joint

Answer 6

1. ankle joint
2. subtalar joint
3. ankle & foot can circumduct

Question 7

1. Pronation & supination of foot involves what joints?

2. pronation & supination movements

Answer 7

1. combinations of movements involve both ankle & subtalar joints
2. Pronation
   - eversion
   - abduction
   - dorsiflexion
3. Supination
   - inversion
   - adduction
   - plantarflexion

Question 8

Metatarsus

1. how many bones
   - connects what
   - description

Answer 8

• 5 bones
• connects tarsus and phalanges
• numbered medial to lateral
• head, shaft, base
• 1 is shorter & stouter
• 2 is longest
• 5 has large tuberosity

Question 9

Phalange

• number of bones
• descriptions

Answer 9

• 14 bones
• 2 for big toes (hallux)
• 3 for others (proximal, middle, distal)
• each has head, shaft, base
• phalanges of big toe are shorter & stouter

Question 10

Fascia of Foot (3)

Functions (3)

Answer 10

Fascia:
1. medial plantar fascia
2. lateral plantar fascia
3. plantar aponeurosis
functions
1. holds parts of foot together
2. helps protect the plantar surface of foot from injury
3. helps support the longitudinal arch of foot

Question 11

Plantar aponeurosis

1. location
2. splits
3. septa separates

Answer 11

1. posteriorly from calcaneus
2. splits into 5 bands enclose digital tendons
3. vertical septa extend to compartmentalize the sole of the foot

Question 12

foot muscles in the three compartments of the foot

Answer 12

1. Medial compartment
   - abductor hallucis
   - flexor hallucis brevis
2. Central
   - flexor digitorum brevis
   - flexor digitorum longus
   - quadratus plantae
   - lumbricals
3. Lateral
   - abductor digiti minimi brevis
   - flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 13

Layers of muscle on sole of foot

1. number of layers
2. functions
3. innervation

Answer 13

1. 4 muscular layers
2. -highly specialized for bipedal locomotion
   
   • maintain arches of foot
   • assists with standing on uneven ground
   • not used for fine control
3. innervated by lateral & medial plantar nerves (branches of tibial n.)

Question 14

1. Nerves of the foot

2. supply what

Answer 14

1. medial & lateral plantar (from tibial n.)

2. supply intrinsic foot muscles except dorsum muscles (deep fibular n.) and also the skin of the foot

Question 15

First layer of the foot

1. what three muscles
2. what does each muscles covers
3. what does each muscles function in

Answer 15

1. abductor hallucis
   - calcaneus to big toe
   - abducts & flexes big toe
2. flexor digitorum brevis
   - calcaneus to lateral 4 digits
   - flexes lateral 4 digits
3. abductor digiti minimi
   - calcaneus to 5th digit
   - abducts & flexes 5th digit

Question 16

Layer 2

1. 2 tendons

Answer 16

1. flexor digitorum longus tendon

2. flexor hallucis longus tendon

Question 17

Layer 2

-2 muscles, location, and functions

Answer 17

1. Quadratus plantae
   - calcaneus to tendon of flexor digitorum longus
   - modifies the effect of flexor digitorum longus
   - flexing lateral 4 digits
   - changes direction of force so it is parallel to long axis of foot
2. Lumbricals
   - tendon of flexor digitorum longus to lateral 4 digits
   - flex MTP joints; extend prox & distal interphalangeal joints

Question 18

Layer 3

• 3 muscles
• bones, and functions

Answer 18

1. flexor hallucis brevis
   - cuboid and cuneiforms to big toe
   - flexes big toe
2. Adductor hallucis
   - metatarsals to big toe
   - adducts big toe; helps to maintain curvature of transverse arch
3. flexor digiti minimi
   - 5th metatarsal to 5th digit
   - flexes 5th digit

Question 19

Layer 4

-2 muscles, location, function

Answer 19

1. Plantar interossei (3)
   - between toes
   - adducts digits (PAD)
2. Dorsal interossei (4)
   - between toes
   - abducts digits (DAB)

Question 20

Nerves of dorsal surface of foot (2)

Answer 20

1. superficial fibular m. supplies dorsal skin

2. deep fibular n. supplies dorsal mm. and skin btw 1st & 2nd toes

Question 21

Dorsal m.

Extensor digitorum OINA

Answer 21

Extensor digitorum

O-calcaneus, deep part of inferior extensor retinaculum
I- digits 2-4
N- deep fibular n.
A- extends digits 2-4

Question 22

Dorsal m

Extensor hallucis brevis OINA

Answer 22

O- calcaneus, deep part of inferior extensor retinaculum
I- big toe
N- deep fibular nerve
A- extends big toe

Question 23

Dorsalus pedis artery

• continuation of
• division
• suuplies

Answer 23

• continuation of anterior tibial artery, supplies the dorsum of foot
• divides into deep plantar artery & arcuate artery
• deep plantar a. joins with lateral plantar artery of sole to form the deep plantar arch
• palpating the dorsalis pedis a. in clincal practice especially in intermittent claudication