patho > cardiovascular function > Flashcards

cardiovascular function Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

decreased cardiac output

A

less than normal amount of blood being pumped by the heart

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2
Q

clinical manifestations for cardiac output

A

results from the inability to maintain sufficient blood flow

  • fatigue
  • oliguria
  • cyanosis
  • fluid accumulation
  • decrease peripheral pulses
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3
Q

inflammatory and infectious disorders

A
  • pericarditis
  • endocarditis
  • myocarditis
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4
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

  • acute: viral/trama/heart attack
  • chronic: autoimmune disease
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5
Q

pericarditis etiology

A

viral infections
trauma
Mi
autoimmune disorders

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6
Q

pathophysiology of pericarditis

A
  • inflammation –> perixardial effusion=above 75ml
  • ventrical filling reduced
  • decreased cardiac output
  • cant relax as much= blood cant come in
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7
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of endocardium

- infective of bacterial endocarditis

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8
Q

etiology of endocarditis

A

staphyloccus aureus and streptoccus entercoccus

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9
Q

patho of endocarditis

A
  • invading organism attaches to endocardium/ valve
  • platelets and fibrin deposits lead to what are known as vegetative lesions
  • vegetation grows–> damages valve leaflets
  • vegetation may become embolic- clot dislodges from place of origin in blood stream
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10
Q

risk factors of endocarditis

A
  • immunocompromised
  • artificial heart valve
  • congenital or valvular heart disease
  • iv drug use
  • gingival gum disease
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11
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of myocardium

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12
Q

myocarditis etiology

A

poorly understood

- viral, bacterial, protozoal or fungal organisms

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13
Q

patho of myocarditis

A
  • inflammation of muscle leads to muscle destruction
  • potential necrosis
  • atrophy- long time of working harder
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14
Q

valvular disorders

A
  • discruption of blood flow
  • congenital or acquired
values affected
- mitral
- aortic
- tricupsid 
- pulmonary 
(first 2 most commonly affected, left side is more muscular/ works harder)

types of alterations

  • stenosis
  • regurgitation
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15
Q

stenosis

A
  • narrowed, valve does not open completely
  • forward blood flow hindered
  • decreases cardiac output
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16
Q

regurgitation

A
  • valve does not close completely

- blood flow backs up

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17
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

enlargement of the heart muscle

etiology: acquired or inherited

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18
Q

patho of cardiomyopathy

A
  • myocardium becomes weakened
  • less effective pumping mechanism

3 types

  • dilated: heart not pumping effectively
  • hypertrophic: septum and nventricle enlarged
  • restrictive: not enlargement but stiffness/ridgity
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19
Q

heart failure

A

heart fails to pump enough blood to meet bodys oxygen/ nutrient needs

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20
Q

heart failure etiology

Study These Flashcards
A
  • coronary artery disease
  • cardiomyopathy
  • hypertension
  • heart valve disorders
  • myocardial infarction
21
Q

heart failure patho

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A
  • inability to fill
  • ineffective contractility
  • each ventricle pumps an equal amount of blood
  • if more than either ventricle can handle, the heart not effective pump
  • left ventricle typically weakens first
  • failure of one leads to failure of other
22
Q

left- sided heart failure

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A
  • afterload: force generated by left ventricle to eject blood to the aorta through aortic valve
  • peripheral vascular resistance: pressure within aorta/arteries
  • pvr influences afterload
  • hypertension major cause
  • blood backs up from left ventricle into lungs into pulmonary circulation= flooded capillaries
  • avelora edema
23
Q

right- sided heart failure

Study These Flashcards
A
  • left-sided heart failure major cause must continually pump blood against increased fluid in the pulmonary artery and lungs
  • cor pulmonale: right ventricle hypertrophies and fails due to increased pulmonary pressures
  • a backward buildup of blood systematic blood vessels
  • peripheral edema results
  • backs into body= edema, jugular vein distension
  • body can attain a liter of fluid before showing signs: weigh pt.
24
Q

compensatory mechanisms

Study These Flashcards
A
  • designed to maintain cardic output
  • contribute to the cycle of heart failure

maintain cardiac output when low

  • sympathetic nervous system raises heart rate: increases cardiac oxygen needs
  • chambers enlarge (dilation)
  • muscle mass increases (hypertrophy): increases cardiac oxygen needs
25
ineffective tissue perfusion
- deprivation of oxygen and nutriens at cellular level - leads to cellular ischemia clinical manifestations - pain - skin color - necorsis
26
aneurysms
bulging, ballooning, dilation locations - adominal/ aortic - cerebral types: - fusiform:both sides - saccular: one side - dissecting: tear in first linning- blood seeps out into 2nd and 3rd layer
27
dyslipidemia
hyperlipidemia: increase of lips in blood normal roles of lipids: - formation of cell membrane - storage of energy - production of steroids - carrying of vitamins - protecting nerves/organs - insulation of body
28
lipoprotiens
- low density lipoproteins bad cholesterol - high-density lipoproteins good cholesterol
29
hypercholesterolemia
increase cholesterol - common in us leads to: - atherosclerosis - pvd - cad - htn - stroke
30
atherosclerosis
thickening/ hardening of arterial walls from plaque formation - may begin in childhood
31
patho of atherosclerosis
- injury to artery--> inflammation--> accumulation of lipids, platelets and clotting factors - scar tissue replaces normal endothelial lining - plaque leads to narrowing (stenosis)
32
non-modifiable risk factors
- age: 50+ - gender: male - ethnicity: African Americans - genetics
33
modifiable risk factors
``` diabetes hypertension smoking obesity sedentary lifestyle increased serum homocysteine increased serum iron levels infection depression hyperlipidemia excessive alcohol intake stress ```
34
peripheral vascular disease pvd
narrowing of peripheral vessels - arterial: perfusing fingers and toes - venous: veins blood pools= edema results in decrease blood flow
35
coronary artery disease (CAD)
obstruction of blood flow through coronary arteries typically caused by atherosclerosis can cause: - angina - myocardial infarction - sudden death
36
CAD prevention
- non-modifiable risk factors: age and family modify risk factors - tabacco use - obesity - inactivity - stress - dm - hld - htn
37
myocardial infarction
death of heart muscle types - non-st segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) - st segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) etiology - atherosclerosis: narrowing of coronary arteries - thrombus: embolism - vasospasm: constriction
38
patho of MI
- coronary artery blockage | - decreased cardiac blood supply
39
signs and symptoms of mi
- crushing viselike pain arm, shoulder, neck, jaw, back - shortness of breath - restlessness - dizziness, fainting - nauesea - sweating
40
atypical signs of MI
- abscne of classic pain - dyspena - fatigue - anxiety - impending doom - chest cramps - abdominal pain - indigestion - restlessness - falling
41
prehospital MI
"time is muscle" - asprin - call 911 of 5 min of chest pain - do not drive
42
hospital MI
Morphine Oxygen Nitroglycerin Aspirin
43
hypertension
persistently high blood pressure - systolic BP > 130 mmhg - diastolic bp > 80 mmhg - average of two or more readings on different dates: two weeks apart
44
etiology
unkown two types: - primary- essential hypertension which is a chronic elevation of bp from an unknown cause ``` - secondary known cause - acute stress - excessive alcohol intake - sickle cell disease - renal disorders - endocrine disorders - neurologic ```
45
risk factors
non modifiable - age - gender - ethnicity - family history modifiable - alcohol - cigarette smoking - diabetes - obesity - stress - elevated serum lipids - excess dietary sodim - decreased kidney function
46
signs/ symptoms of HTN
silent killer rare: - headache - dizziness - blurred vision - angina - fatigue - dyspena
47
hypertensive urgency
- sever bp elevation without target organ dysfunction progression - relatively asymptomatic - oral medication
48
hypertensive emergency
- sbp> 180 mm hg systolic - dbp > 120 mm hg systolic - risk for progression for target organ dysfunction - immediate gradual reduction of bp to protect target organs
patho
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