nervous function ch.11

Question 1

nervous system

Answer 1

• receives and reacts to environmental stimulation o a physiologic and cognitive level

Question 2

nervous system consist of:

Answer 2

brain
spinal cord
nerves

Question 3

central nervous system

Answer 3

brain

spinal cord

Question 4

peripheral nervous system

Answer 4

nerves

Question 5

understanding nervous conditions

Answer 5

• complex

alternations may result in

• impaired physical mobility
• chronic pain
• impaired social interaction
• altered through process
• incontinence
• risk for injury
• self-care deficit

Question 6

infectious neurologic disorders

Answer 6

meningitis

Question 7

traumatic neurologic disorders

Answer 7

brain injuries
spinal cord injuries
increased intracranial pressure

Question 8

meningitis

Answer 8

inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space results in infection
- css may also become affected

Question 9

meningitis causes

Answer 9

bacteria, virus, tumors, and allergens

• infection or irritant triggers the inflammatory process, leading to swelling of the meninges and increased icp

Question 10

meningitis risk factors

Answer 10

• younger than 25
• living in a community setting
• pregnancy
• working with animals
• immunodeficiency

Question 11

two types of meningitis

Answer 11

self limiting

life threatening

Question 12

meningitis complications

Answer 12

permanent neurologic damage, seizures, hearing loss, blindness, speech difficulties, learning disabilities, behavior problems, parlysis, acute renal failure, adrenal gland failure, cerebral edema, shock, and death

Question 13

meningitis manifestations

Answer 13

• severe headache***
• stiff neck **
• opisthotonos ***
• abnormal posture= ridigity arch **
• fever, chills, mental status, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, agitation, bulging fontanelle, decreased consciousness, poor feeding, irritability in children, tachypnea, tachycardia, rash

Question 14

meningitis diagnosis

Answer 14

• history
• physical examination
• throat cultures
• lumbar puncture with css
• polymerase chain reaction test
• head computed tomography

Question 15

meningitis treatment

Answer 15

antibiotics (if bacterial)
corticosteroids
antivirals
hydration
fever management 
vaccinations

Question 16

traumatic brain injuries (TBI)

Answer 16

• usually caused by sudden and violent blow or just to the head (closed injury) or a penetrating (open injury) head wound that disrupts the normal brain function

Question 17

traumatic brain injuries (TBI) can

Answer 17

brush the brain
damage nerve fibers
cause hemmorrhaging

Question 18

traumatic brain injuries (TBI) causes

Answer 18

falls
being struct by against an object
motor vehicle accidents
sports acitvies
intestinal self harm

Question 19

traumatic brain injuries (TBI) conditions associated with closed tbi

Answer 19

concussion: momentary interruption of brain function
- usually results from a mild blow to the head that causes sudden movement of the brain, disrupting neurologic functioning
- may or may not lead to a loss of consciousness
- amnesia, confusion, sleep disturbances, and headaches may occur for weeks or months

cerebral contusion: bruising of the brain

• most often results from a blunt blow that causes the brain to make a sudden impact with the skull
  coup: initial area where the brain the skull
  contrecoup: opposite side of brain where it rebounds and impacts the skull
• varies in severity depending on the extent of damage and the amount of bleeding
• residual effects depend on severity

Question 20

Glasgow coma scale (Eye opening)

Answer 20

• spontaneous: 4
• to sound: 3
• to pain: 2
• Never: 1

Question 21

Glasgow coma scale ( motor response)

Answer 21

• obeys commands:6
• localizes pain: 5
• normal flexion: 4 (withdraws)
• abnormal flexion: 3
• extension: 2
• Nil:0

Question 22

Glasgow coma scale ( verbal response)

Answer 22

• oriented: 5
• confused conversation:4
• inappropriate words: 3
• incomprehensive sounds: 2
• none:1

Question 23

Glasgow coma scale highest score and lowest score

Answer 23

highest 15

lowest 3

Question 24

increased intracranial pressure

Answer 24

• increased volume in the cranial cavity

Question 25

increased intracranial pressure causes

Answer 25

- traumatic brain injury - tumor - hydrocephalus - cerebral edema - hemorrhage

Question 26

spina cord injuries

Answer 26

results from direct injury to the spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, BV

Question 27

spinal cord injuries causes

Answer 27

- motor vehcial accidents - falls - violence - sports injuries - weakening vertebral structures ex) rheumatoid arthirtis or osteoporosis - direct damage can occur if the spinal cord is pulled, pressed sideways, or compressed - this damage may occur if the head, neck,, back twists abnormally during an accident or injury

Question 28

spinal cord injuries cervical injuries manifestations

Answer 28

- affect both the upper and lower extremities and include breathing difficulties, loss of normal bowel and bladder control, paresthesia, sensory changes, spasticity, pain, weakness, paralysis, blood, pressure instability, temperature, fluctuations, and diaphoresis

Question 29

spinal cord injuries thoracic injuries manifestations

Answer 29

- affect the lower extremities can be the same as those for cervical injuries

Question 30

spinal cord injuries lumbar sacral injuries

Answer 30

can affect the lower extremities in varying degrees; manifestations are similar to those of cervical injuries, with the exception of breathing difficulties

Question 31

transient ischemic attack

Answer 31

- temporary episode of cerebral ischemia that results in the symptoms of neurologic deficits - also called ministries because these neurologic deficits mimic a cerebrovascuale accident (CVA) or stroke except that these deficits resolve within 24 hours (1-2 hours in most cases) - may occur singly or in a series

Question 32

transient ischemic attack warning signs

Answer 32

warning sign that a cva may be impending; however, not all cvas are preceded by tia - 1&3 people experienceing a tia eventually have a stroke hold occur within the year

Question 33

transient ischemic attack can occur

Answer 33

because of a cerebral artery occlusion, cerebral artery narrowing, cerebral artery injury

Question 34

transient ischemic attack additional risk factors

Answer 34

- migranes - smoking - diabestes mellitus, advancing age - inadequate nutrition, hypercholesterolemia, oral contraceptive usage, excessive alcohol combustion, illicit drug use

Question 35

transient ischemic attack complications

Answer 35

permanent brain damage injury from falls cva`

Question 36

cerebrovascular accident

Answer 36

stroke - an interruption of cerebral blood supply - ischemic damage is permanent

Question 37

cerebrovascular accident causes

Answer 37

total vessel occlusion | cerebral vessel rupture

Question 38

cerebrovascular accident major types

Answer 38

- ischemic strokes are most common | - hemorrhagic stroke are most fatal

Question 39

cerebrovascular accident complications

Answer 39

neurologic deficits and death

Question 40

cerebrovascular accident most common in

Answer 40

african americans and those living in the south east region

Question 41

cerebrovascular accident additional risk factors

Answer 41

``` physical inactivity phychosocial stress obesity hypertension smoking dyslipidemia diabetes mellitus atherosclerosis oral contraceptive usage excessive alcohol combustion illicit drug use advancing age ```

Question 42

cerebrovascular accident treatment

Answer 42

- requires promt treatment to minimize brain damage - determining whether the cva ischemic or hemorrhagic on origin prior to treatment - treatment should be delivered within 3 hours of symptom onset

Question 43

seizure disorder

Answer 43

transient physical or behavior alteration the results from an abnormal activity in the brain

Question 44

seizure disorder causes

Answer 44

altered membrane ion channels - altered extracellular electrolytes - imbalance excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters - can occur secondary to trauma, hypoglycemia, electrolyte disorders, acidosis, infections, fever chemical ingestion, cerebral ischemia or hypoxia

Question 45

epilepsy

Answer 45

chronic disorder characterized by recurrent improvised seizure activity, may be inherits result of brain or cns irritation

Question 46

focal seizure

Answer 46

patrias seizure - occurs in just one part of the brain - carries depending on the area of the brain affected - usually last just a few seconds - some people may experience auras (unusual sensation just prior to an impending seizure) that are actually simple focal seizures in which the person maintains consciousness - characterics tend to be similar with ever seizure - easily be confused with other disorders (migrants headaches, narcolepsy, syncope, syncope, and psychiatric disorders)

Question 47

generalized seizures

Answer 47

abnormal neuronal activity on both side of the brain | - may cause loss of consciousness, falls, or massive muscle spasms

Question 48

generalized seizures treatment

Answer 48

- during a seizure, portion the individual on his or her side, protect head, do not force items in between their teeth, do not restrain the individual, manage airway, oxygen therapy, muscle relaxants, anti seizures agnates, and allow to sleep following the seizure - for epilepsy: anti seizure agents, surgical resection or transaction, wear a medical-alert bracelet, and advoid precipitating factors (sleep deprivation, alcohol, illicit drugs, and excessive stimuli )

Question 49

Parkinson's disease

Answer 49

- progressive condition involving the destruction of the substantial nimra in the brain - results in a lack of dopamine - approximately 80% of the dopamine- producing cells are destroyed, movement issues that typically include tremors (involuntary shaking) of the hands and head develop - tremors may disappear or decrease when the body part is moved intentionally

Question 50

parkinsons cause

Answer 50

unknown | more common in men and those living in rural areas

Question 51

parkinsons symtoms

Answer 51

tremor rigidity bradykinesia

Question 52

parkinsons diagnosis

Answer 52

history, physical examination (including neurologic assessment) and other test to rule out other conitons

Question 53

parkinsons treatment

Answer 53

no cure medications (levodopa, dopamine agonists, and monoamine oxidase b, inhibitors) - deep brain stimulation - physical and occupational therapy along with assertive devices - coping strategies, support, proper nutrition, and adequate rest can promotr and maintain overall health

Question 54

dementia

Answer 54

group of conditions in which cortical function is decreased, impairing cognitive skills, and motor coordination - issues with memory are common and include short term memory losses as well as confusion about historic events - behavioral and personailtity changes interfere with relationships, work, and activites of daily living

Question 55

dementia causes

Answer 55

vascular disease, infections, toxins, and genetic condition

Question 56

dementia types

Answer 56

alzheimer disease , vascular dementia, dementia with levy bodies, frototemproal dementia, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, and aids dementia complex

Question 57

alzheimer's disease

Answer 57

- most common form of dementia | - brain misses degenerates and atrophies, causing a steady decline in memory and mental abilities

Question 58

alzheimer's disease etiology

Answer 58

- amyloid plaques mix with a collection of additional proteins, neuron remnants, and other nerve cell pieces - neurofibrillary tangles: abnormal collections of a protein called tau that clumps together - connections between neurons responsible for memory and learning are lost; neurons cannot survive when their connections to other neurons are lost

Question 59

alzheimer's disease risk factors

Answer 59

- not a normal part of normal aging, but risk increase with age - rates are higher in women - rates may be higher in those persons with less education for unknown reasons - family history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and history of traumatic brain injury - prevalence and mortality rates are on the rise

Question 60

alzheimer's disease complications

Answer 60

infections, injuries related to alls, malnutrition, dehydration, and decubitus ulcers

Question 61

alzheimer's disease manifestations

Answer 61

- insidious onset - course may extend 10-20 years - memory loss, problems with abstract thinking, difficulty finding the right word to express throughts or even follow conversations, difficulty reading and writing, disorientation, loss of judgment, difficulty performing familiar takes, personailott changes, hallucinations, and incontinece of bowel or bladder

Question 62

brain tumors

Answer 62

- may be malignant or benign - can be life- threatening due to increased ICP and difficulty accessing - may be primary but most are secondary tumors (most commonly breast cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, and sarcoma

Question 63

brain tumor manifestations

Answer 63

vary depending on size and location include: - new onset or change in pattern of headaches - headaches of increasing frequency and severity - inexplaimined neausea or vomiting - vision problems - gradual loss of sensation or movement in an extremity - balance difficulties - speech difficulties - confusion - hearing probelms - hormonal disorders

Question 64

brain tumor diagnosis

Answer 64

history, physical examination, head magnetic resonance imaging, biopsy, other test to determine cancer histology

Question 65

brain tumor treatment

Answer 65

- depends on size and location - surgical, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted drug therapies. rehabilitation including physical, occupational, and speech threay