Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What 4 compentents make up the circulatory system?

Answer 1

1. Heart
2. Lungs
3. Blood vessels
4. Blood

Question 2

What 4 components does blood contain?

Answer 2

1. Plasma
2. Red blood cells
3. White blood cells
4. Platelets

Question 3

Name the 3 different types of blood vessel

Answer 3

1. Arteries
2. Veins
3. Capillaries

Question 4

Describe the function and characteristics of arteries

Answer 4

Function - Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart at a high pressure

Characteristics - Thick, muscular wall. Narrow lumen. Elasticated.

arteries = away

Question 5

Describe the function and characteristics of veins

Answer 5

Function - Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart at a low pressure

Characteristics - Thin walls and wide lumen. Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

veins = into the heart

veins containt valves

Question 6

Describe the function and characteristics of capillaries

Answer 6

Function - Diffusion of food and oxygen and removal of waste products from cells

Characteristics - Millions of capllaries around the bodies tissues. One cell thick for efficient gaseous exchange.

Question 7

Describe the function and characteristics of red blood cells

Answer 7

Function - Transport oxygen to working muscles, remove carbon dioxide from working muscles

Characteristics - bi-concave shape to increase surface area for O₂ exchange, made in the bone marrow, contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen

Question 8

Describe the function and characteristics of white blood cells

Answer 8

Function - Move around the body fighting infection and disease

Characteristics - 3x bigger than red blood cell, made in bone marrow

Question 9

Describe the function and characteristics of platelets

Answer 9

Function - Produce blood clots when a vessel is damaged

Characteristics - Stick together easily, made in the bone marrow

Question 10

Describe the function and characteristics of plasma

Answer 10

Function - Transport of substances like salt, nutrients, hormones and waste products

Characteristics - Watery liquid, pale yellow colour

Question 11

Describe the function of haemoglobin

Answer 11

Iron based substance carried in red blood cells

Carries oxygen from the lungs to different parts of the body

Binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

Transports carbon dioxide from parts of the body to the lungs

Question 12

What are the benefits of Altitude Training? (4)

Answer 12

1. Less oxygen at altitude
2. Therefore the body has to produce more red blood cells and haemoglobin to carry oxygen
3. When athlete returns to sea level, they will have more red blood cells which allows them to carry more oxygen
4. As a result, during exercise they can perform for longer without tiring
5. Altitude training improves cardiovascular endurance

Question 13

State some characteristics of the heart

Answer 13

1. Cardiac muscle is involuntary - it does not tire
2. Size of a clenched fist
3. Contains 4 chambers
4. Double pump structure

Question 14

Using a whiteboard or paper, list the following in the correct order for the pathway of blood around the body. Note changes to oxygenated/ deoxygenated blood.

(Start with: 1. Right atrium)

• Right atrium
• Right ventricle
• Left atrium
• Left ventricle
• Tricuspid valve
• Bicuspid valve
• Aorta
• Pulmonary vein
• Pulmonary artery
• Vena cava
• Semi-lunar valves
• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries at the lungs
• Capillaries at the muscles

Answer 14

1. Right atrium (Deoxygenated)
2. Tricuspid valve
3. Right ventricle
4. Semi lunar valve
5. Pulmonary artery
6. Capillaries at the lungs (Deoxygenated -> Oxygenated)
7. Pulmonary vein
8. Left atrium
9. Bicuspid valve
10. Left ventricle
11. Semi lunar valve
12. Aorta
13. Arteries
14. Capillaries at the muscles (Oxygenated -> Deoxygenated)
15. Veins
16. Vena cava

Question 15

1. Define heart rate
2. State the average resting heart rate for adults
3. Calculate your maximum heart rate

Answer 15

1. The amount of times the heart beats per minute (bpm)
2. Resting heart rate is 60-80 bpm
3. Max heart rate: 220 - 14 or 15 = 205 or 206 bpm

* Don’t forget your units in the exam, might be worth a mark!

Question 16

How can we take measurements of heart rate?

Answer 16

Finding and recording pulse over 60 seconds.

Radial pulse (Wrist), Carotid pulse (neck), Brachial pulse (elbow)

Question 17

1. Define stroke volume
2. State the average stroke volume

Answer 17

1. The volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one beat (ml)
2. Person of average fitness has a stroke volume of 70ml

Question 18

1. Define cardiac output
2. State the equation and units of cardiac output
3. Calculate the cardiac output of someone with a heart rate of 70bpm and stroke volume of 70ml

Answer 18

1. The volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute
2. Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output Units: L/min
3. 70 (bpm) x 70 (ml) = 4900 ml/min → 4.9 L/min ~ 5 L/min

* Remember to check and convert the units of the question, the values the question may be expressed as ml/min, however the answer box may look like _____L/min.

Question 19

State the short term effects of exercise on the circulatory system (6)

Answer 19

1. Heart rate increase
2. Stroke volume increase
3. Cardiac output increase
4. Blood pressure increase
5. Vasodilation of capillaries at the working muscles
6. Incease in blood flow at the skin to cool

Question 20

State the long term effects of exercise on the circulatory system (6)

Answer 20

1. Decrease in resting heart rate
2. Hypertrophy of the heart (heart muscle becomes bigger and stronger)
3. Stroke volume increase
4. Cardiac output increase
5. Red blood cell increase
6. Capillarisation (increase in capillaries at muscles and alveoli)

Question 21

What is vasodilation? Give examples of when and where it might occur.

Answer 21

The dilation of capillaries to increase blood flow

1. Too hot - vasodilation occurs at the skin to help the body cool, this is why we go red when we are exercising.
2. Increase in exercise - vasodialtion of capillaries at the working muscles occurs, inreasing the blood flow which in turn increases the amount of O₂ delivered.

Question 22

What is vasoconstriction? Give examples of when and where it might occur.

Answer 22

The constriction of capillaries to decrease blood flow

1. Too cold - vasoconstriction occurs at the skin and extremities to help the bodies core maintain heat, this is why we go pale/blue at our fingers and skin when its cold.
2. Increase in exercise - vasocontriction of capillaries at the digestive system occurs, decreasing the blood flow which in turn provides a greater blood supply to the working muscles.

Question 23

What separates the two sides of the heart?

Answer 23

Septum

Question 24

How to veins prevent the backflow of blood? (2)

Answer 24

1. Contain pocket valves
2. Muscle massage to help the flow of blood back to heart

Question 25

What are **smaller versions** of **arteries** and **veins** called? **(2)**

Answer 25

1. Arterioles 2. Venules

Question 26

What is the **double circulation** process and what does each part include? **(4)**

Answer 26

1. Pulmonary Circulation = blood from the heart, to the lungs, back to the heart 2. Systemic Circulation = blood from the heart, to the body, back to the heart